Nucleus
The nucleus of eukaryotic cells consists of the following parts:
Nuclear Envelope
- It is a double membrane that controls the entry and exit of materials.
- Small holes on the envelope allow the passage of large molecules.
- Contains nuclear pores that regulate the passage of materials.
Nucleoplasm
- Jelly-like bulk of the nucleus containing protein-bound DNA and histones.
- The site for genetic material and the manufacture of rRNA.
Mitochondria
Mitochondria have a double membrane that controls the entry and exit of materials. They also have a matrix and cristae, which are extensions of the inner membrane that provide a large surface area for enzymes and proteins. Inside the mitochondria, there are proteins, lipids, ribosomes, and their functions include aerobic respiration and the production of ATP.
Chloroplast
The chloroplast consists of an envelope, grana (stacks of thylakoid), and stroma (fluid-filled matrix). Its functions include photosynthesis and the synthesis of glycoproteins.
Golgi Apparatus
This is a stack of compact membranes that make up cisternae. It contains many small rounded hollow structures called vesicles and granules. Its functions include the packaging of proteins and the formation of lysosomes.
Endoplasmic Reticulum, Lysosomes, Ribosomes, Cell Wall, and Vacuole
These organelles also play crucial roles in the structure and function of eukaryotic cells.
Prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells have distinct differences in their structure and functioning. For instance, eukaryotic cells have a well-defined nucleus enclosed within a nuclear envelope, whereas prokaryotic cells lack a true nucleus.
Mitochondria and Chloroplasts have specific double membrane structures that enable them to carry out their respective functions efficiently. The functions and locations of the inner and outer membranes are essential for their effective operation.
The presence of membrane-bound organelles is a defining feature of eukaryotic cells. These organelles play key roles in various cellular processes and are crucial for the overall function and health of the cell.
Microscopy and cell fractionation are two primary methods used to study cells at a microscopic level. These methods allow for the visualization and isolation of cellular components, providing valuable insights into the structure and function of cells.
The cell cycle, including the interphase, is a fundamental process that governs cell division and replication. It plays a pivotal role in the growth and development of multicellular organisms.
The concept of cells arising from other cells is a fundamental principle in biology, known as the cell theory. This theory emphasizes the continuity of life and underscores the interconnectedness and interdependence of all living organisms.
