Maths
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Responding to change (a2 only)
Infection and response
Homeostasis and response
Energy transfers (a2 only)
Cell biology
Organisms respond to changes in their internal and external environments (a-level only)
Biological molecules
Organisation
Substance exchange
Bioenergetics
Genetic information & variation
Inheritance, variation and evolution
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1l the quest for political stability: germany, 1871-1991
Britain & the wider world: 1745 -1901
The cold war
Inter-war germany
Medieval period: 1066 -1509
2d religious conflict and the church in england, c1529-c1570
2o democracy and nazism: germany, 1918-1945
1f industrialisation and the people: britain, c1783-1885
1c the tudors: england, 1485-1603
2m wars and welfare: britain in transition, 1906-1957
World war two & the holocaust
2n revolution and dictatorship: russia, 1917-1953
2s the making of modern britain, 1951-2007
World war one
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Biology
3 Dec 2025
125
14 pages
Molly Gowar @mollygowar
Nucleic Acids and ATP: Key Concepts in Biology
This document provides an in-depth overview of nucleic acids, nucleotides,... Show more
This page delves into the role of chemical energy in biological systems and introduces ATP as a key energy carrier.
The text explains that chemical energy drives changes in biological systems by making and breaking chemical bonds. It distinguishes between heterotrophic organisms, which derive energy from food, and autotrophic organisms, which convert light energy to chemical energy through photosynthesis.
The page then focuses on ATP (adenosine triphosphate) as the primary energy carrier in organisms. Key points include
The structure of ATP is also detailed, showing its components
Highlight ATP plays a crucial role in energy transfer within cells, making it a central topic in A Level Biology Eduqas notes.
Example Green plants are autotrophic organisms that convert light energy to chemical energy through photosynthesis.
This page explores the energy dynamics of ATP, focusing on its hydrolysis and synthesis.
The text explains that when energy is needed in living organisms, the enzyme ATPase hydrolyzes ATP. This process breaks the bond between the second and third phosphate groups, converting ATP to ADP (adenosine diphosphate) and releasing an inorganic phosphate ion along with chemical energy.
Key points include
The page also discusses the advantages of using ATP as an energy intermediate compared to using glucose directly
Definition Exergonic reaction - a reaction that releases energy (e.g., ATP hydrolysis)
Definition Endergonic reaction - a reaction that requires an input of energy (e.g., ATP synthesis)
Highlight Understanding ATP's role in energy transfer is crucial for grasping cellular energetics in Eduqas A Level Biology.
This page elaborates on the advantages of ATP as an energy supplier and its various roles in cellular activities.
The text outlines several benefits of using ATP as an intermediate energy source compared to using glucose directly
The page then details the various roles of ATP in cellular activities
Highlight ATP's versatility as an energy supplier is a key concept in understanding cellular energetics for A Level Biology Eduqas.
Example In nerve transmission, ATP powers sodium-potassium pumps that actively transport ions across the axon membrane.
Vocabulary Active transport - the movement of molecules or ions against a concentration gradient, requiring energy input.
This page begins to explore the structure of DNA, one of the two types of nucleic acids. However, the provided transcript does not contain any specific information about DNA structure on this page.
Highlight Understanding the structure of DNA is crucial for grasping its function in storing and transmitting genetic information, a key topic in Eduqas A Level Biology.
Vocabulary DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid) - one of the two main types of nucleic acids, responsible for storing and transmitting genetic information.
This page introduces the fundamental concepts of nucleic acids and their building blocks, nucleotides. It explains the structure of nucleotides and their components.
Nucleic acids are polymers composed of monomers called nucleotides. A nucleotide consists of three main components
The page also describes the two types of organic bases found in nucleotides
Definition A nucleotide is the monomer of nucleic acid comprising a pentose sugar, a nitrogenous base, and a phosphate group.
Highlight Understanding the structure of nucleotides is crucial for grasping the overall structure and function of DNA structure and function.
Vocabulary Polynucleotide - A molecule containing many nucleotides, which may be millions of nucleotides long.
Our AI Companion is a student-focused AI tool that offers more than just answers. Built on millions of Knowunity resources, it provides relevant information, personalised study plans, quizzes, and content directly in the chat, adapting to your individual learning journey.
You can download the app from Google Play Store and Apple App Store.
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help – all at your fingertips.
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Smart Tools NEW
Transform this note into: ✓ 50+ Practice Questions ✓ Interactive Flashcards ✓ Full Mock Exam ✓ Essay Outlines
Explore the essential processes of DNA replication and the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). This study note covers the steps of DNA replication, the role of enzymes like DNA polymerase and ligase, and the requirements for PCR. Additionally, learn about practical applications of PCR in crime solving, paternity testing, and genetic disorder diagnosis, as well as the technique of gel electrophoresis for DNA fragment analysis.
BiologyExplore the groundbreaking Meselson and Stahl experiment that demonstrated semi-conservative DNA replication using nitrogen isotopes N-15 and N-14. Understand the process of DNA replication, including the roles of helicase, DNA polymerase, and the significance of complementary base pairing. This summary covers key concepts such as the structure of DNA, replication mechanisms, and the implications of the experiment for molecular biology.
BiologyPaper 1. The Function and structure of DNA & RNA.
BiologyExplore the detailed mechanisms of RNA transcription, including initiation, elongation, and termination. This study note covers the roles of RNA polymerase, the significance of the promoter and terminator regions, and the splicing of pre-mRNA into functional mRNA. Ideal for AQA A-level biology students seeking to understand the intricacies of gene expression.
BiologyExplore the structure and function of DNA and RNA, including key concepts such as nucleotides, base pairing, and the double helix. This summary highlights the differences between DNA and RNA, their roles in information storage, and the significance of hydrogen bonds in molecular interactions. Ideal for students studying molecular biology.
BiologyExplore the essential processes of DNA replication and Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) in this concise summary. Understand the roles of key enzymes like DNA polymerase and ligase, the significance of leading and lagging strands, and the steps involved in PCR. Ideal for Higher Biology students preparing for SQA assessments.
BiologyApp Store
Google Play
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
Molly Gowar
@mollygowar
Nucleic Acids and ATP: Key Concepts in Biology
This document provides an in-depth overview of nucleic acids, nucleotides, and ATP, crucial topics in A Level Biology Eduqas. Key points include:
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Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
This page delves into the role of chemical energy in biological systems and introduces ATP as a key energy carrier.
The text explains that chemical energy drives changes in biological systems by making and breaking chemical bonds. It distinguishes between heterotrophic organisms, which derive energy from food, and autotrophic organisms, which convert light energy to chemical energy through photosynthesis.
The page then focuses on ATP (adenosine triphosphate) as the primary energy carrier in organisms. Key points include:
The structure of ATP is also detailed, showing its components:
Highlight: ATP plays a crucial role in energy transfer within cells, making it a central topic in A Level Biology Eduqas notes.
Example: Green plants are autotrophic organisms that convert light energy to chemical energy through photosynthesis.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
This page explores the energy dynamics of ATP, focusing on its hydrolysis and synthesis.
The text explains that when energy is needed in living organisms, the enzyme ATPase hydrolyzes ATP. This process breaks the bond between the second and third phosphate groups, converting ATP to ADP (adenosine diphosphate) and releasing an inorganic phosphate ion along with chemical energy.
Key points include:
The page also discusses the advantages of using ATP as an energy intermediate compared to using glucose directly:
Definition: Exergonic reaction - a reaction that releases energy (e.g., ATP hydrolysis)
Definition: Endergonic reaction - a reaction that requires an input of energy (e.g., ATP synthesis)
Highlight: Understanding ATP's role in energy transfer is crucial for grasping cellular energetics in Eduqas A Level Biology.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
This page elaborates on the advantages of ATP as an energy supplier and its various roles in cellular activities.
The text outlines several benefits of using ATP as an intermediate energy source compared to using glucose directly:
The page then details the various roles of ATP in cellular activities:
Highlight: ATP's versatility as an energy supplier is a key concept in understanding cellular energetics for A Level Biology Eduqas.
Example: In nerve transmission, ATP powers sodium-potassium pumps that actively transport ions across the axon membrane.
Vocabulary: Active transport - the movement of molecules or ions against a concentration gradient, requiring energy input.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
This page begins to explore the structure of DNA, one of the two types of nucleic acids. However, the provided transcript does not contain any specific information about DNA structure on this page.
Highlight: Understanding the structure of DNA is crucial for grasping its function in storing and transmitting genetic information, a key topic in Eduqas A Level Biology.
Vocabulary: DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid) - one of the two main types of nucleic acids, responsible for storing and transmitting genetic information.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
This page introduces the fundamental concepts of nucleic acids and their building blocks, nucleotides. It explains the structure of nucleotides and their components.
Nucleic acids are polymers composed of monomers called nucleotides. A nucleotide consists of three main components:
The page also describes the two types of organic bases found in nucleotides:
Definition: A nucleotide is the monomer of nucleic acid comprising a pentose sugar, a nitrogenous base, and a phosphate group.
Highlight: Understanding the structure of nucleotides is crucial for grasping the overall structure and function of DNA structure and function.
Vocabulary: Polynucleotide - A molecule containing many nucleotides, which may be millions of nucleotides long.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Our AI Companion is a student-focused AI tool that offers more than just answers. Built on millions of Knowunity resources, it provides relevant information, personalised study plans, quizzes, and content directly in the chat, adapting to your individual learning journey.
You can download the app from Google Play Store and Apple App Store.
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help – all at your fingertips.
7
Smart Tools NEW
Transform this note into: ✓ 50+ Practice Questions ✓ Interactive Flashcards ✓ Full Mock Exam ✓ Essay Outlines
Explore the essential processes of DNA replication and the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). This study note covers the steps of DNA replication, the role of enzymes like DNA polymerase and ligase, and the requirements for PCR. Additionally, learn about practical applications of PCR in crime solving, paternity testing, and genetic disorder diagnosis, as well as the technique of gel electrophoresis for DNA fragment analysis.
BiologyExplore the groundbreaking Meselson and Stahl experiment that demonstrated semi-conservative DNA replication using nitrogen isotopes N-15 and N-14. Understand the process of DNA replication, including the roles of helicase, DNA polymerase, and the significance of complementary base pairing. This summary covers key concepts such as the structure of DNA, replication mechanisms, and the implications of the experiment for molecular biology.
BiologyPaper 1. The Function and structure of DNA & RNA.
BiologyExplore the detailed mechanisms of RNA transcription, including initiation, elongation, and termination. This study note covers the roles of RNA polymerase, the significance of the promoter and terminator regions, and the splicing of pre-mRNA into functional mRNA. Ideal for AQA A-level biology students seeking to understand the intricacies of gene expression.
BiologyExplore the structure and function of DNA and RNA, including key concepts such as nucleotides, base pairing, and the double helix. This summary highlights the differences between DNA and RNA, their roles in information storage, and the significance of hydrogen bonds in molecular interactions. Ideal for students studying molecular biology.
BiologyExplore the essential processes of DNA replication and Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) in this concise summary. Understand the roles of key enzymes like DNA polymerase and ligase, the significance of leading and lagging strands, and the steps involved in PCR. Ideal for Higher Biology students preparing for SQA assessments.
BiologyApp Store
Google Play
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
