nucleus, cytoplasm, ribosome, cell membrane, mitochondria

nucleus, cell wall, cell membrane, vacuole, cytoplasm, ribosome, mitochondria, chloroplast (green plant cell)

plasmid, large circular DNA, cell wall, ribosome, cell membrane, cytoplasm 

nucleus, cytoplasm, cell membrane, mitochondria, cell wall, ribosome, vacuole

What is the function of the cell membrane

What is the function of the mitochondria 

helps to maintain cell shape and contains water and minerals

contains genes that help the cell to function

fluid - constant movement of phospholipids.    mosaic - random distribution of proteins

Why is the structure of the cell membrane described as a fluid mosaic

no - because it occurs down a concentration gradient

the movement of molecules down a concentration gradient from high to low concentration 

the movement of water molecules from high to low concentration through a selectively permeable membrane

yes - because it occurs against against a concentration gradient 

a section of DNA that codes for a specific protein

SHARE - structural, hormones, antibodies, receptors, enzymes 

What are the 5 different types of proteins 

a molecule that is a copy of the genetic code for DNA 

1- in the nucleus of a cell a molecule of mRNA is synthesised making a complementary copy of the genetic code.    2- once synthesised mRNA carries the complementary copy of the gene sequence from the nucleus to the ribosome.    3- mRNA binds t the ribosome and is then synthesised from amino acids joining together in the correct order for that protein.

What are the stages of proteins synthesis

What can enzymes and other proteins be affected by

the shape of the active site is permanently changed

What happens when an enzyme is denatured 

the breakdown of large molecules into smaller ones

the build up of small molecules into larger ones

when genetic information is transferred from one cell to another

identify section of DNA that contains required gene from source chromosome; extract required gene using enzyme; extract plasmid from bacterial cell; inset required gene into plasmid; insert plasmid into host bacterial cell

chemical energy stored in glucose by a series of enzyme controlled reactions 

What is the energy released from the breakdown of glucose used for

What happens in stage 1 of respiration (glycolysis)

pyruvate ——> carbon dioxide + water + 36 ATP

What happens in stage 2 of respiration when oxygen is present (aerobic respiration)

animals - pyruvate ——> lactate .  plants - pyruvate ——> ethanol + carbon dioxide

Wht happens in stage 3 of respiration when oxygen isn’t present (fermentation)

What is used to measure the consumption of oxygen and production of carbon dioxide 

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