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Biology
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Responding to change (a2 only)
Infection and response
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Cell biology
Organisms respond to changes in their internal and external environments (a-level only)
Biological molecules
Organisation
Substance exchange
Bioenergetics
Genetic information & variation
Inheritance, variation and evolution
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Britain & the wider world: 1745 -1901
1l the quest for political stability: germany, 1871-1991
The cold war
Inter-war germany
Medieval period: 1066 -1509
2d religious conflict and the church in england, c1529-c1570
2o democracy and nazism: germany, 1918-1945
1f industrialisation and the people: britain, c1783-1885
1c the tudors: england, 1485-1603
2m wars and welfare: britain in transition, 1906-1957
World war two & the holocaust
2n revolution and dictatorship: russia, 1917-1953
2s the making of modern britain, 1951-2007
World war one
Britain: 1509 -1745
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Biology
10 Dec 2025
33
7 pages
Victor @the1andonly
Ready to tackle one of biology's fundamental concepts? Understanding monomers and polymers is like learning the building blocks... Show more
Think of monomers as biological LEGO bricks - they're single units that can join together to build something much bigger. Polymers are what you get when loads of these monomers link up, like a massive LEGO castle made from hundreds of individual pieces.
This concept is absolutely everywhere in biology. Your muscles are made of protein polymers, your energy comes from carbohydrate polymers, and even your DNA is a polymer. Getting this right now will make the rest of A-level biology so much easier.
Key Point Every major biological molecule you'll study is either a monomer or a polymer - there's no escaping this fundamental relationship!
Let's make this concrete with examples you'll definitely see in exams. An amino acid is a monomer that joins with others to make proteins (polymers). Glucose is a monomer that links together to form starch or cellulose (both polymers).
Even DNA follows this pattern - it's made from monomers called nucleotides. Each nucleotide contains a sugar, phosphate, and a base, but when thousands join together, you get the complex DNA molecule that carries your genetic code.
The beauty is in the simplicity - just a few types of monomers can create the incredible diversity of life around you.
Exam Tip Practice identifying whether molecules are monomers or polymers - this comes up constantly in multiple choice questions!
Your body runs on four main types of biological molecules carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Each is built from specific elements, and three of them follow the monomer-polymer pattern.
Carbohydrates contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Proteins add nitrogen and sometimes sulfur to the mix. Nucleic acids like DNA need phosphorus as well. Only lipids break the monomer-polymer rule - they're built differently.
Understanding which elements make up each molecule type is crucial for exam success. You'll often get questions asking you to identify molecules based on their elemental composition.
Memory Trick Remember "CHON" - Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen are the big four elements in most biological molecules!
Here's where chemistry meets biology in the most important way possible. Condensation reactions join monomers together by removing water molecules - think of it as biological glue that needs energy to work.
Hydrolysis reactions do the opposite - they break polymers apart by adding water back in, releasing energy in the process. This is how your body breaks down food polymers into usable monomers.
These reactions are happening in your body right now. Every time you digest food, hydrolysis breaks down complex carbohydrates and proteins. When you build muscle, condensation reactions create new protein polymers.
Real Life Connection When you eat pasta, hydrolysis reactions break the starch polymers into glucose monomers your cells can actually use for energy!
Carbohydrates are your body's preferred energy source, and they perfectly demonstrate the monomer-polymer concept. Monosaccharides like glucose and fructose are the monomers - simple sugars with the formula C₆H₁₂O₆.
Disaccharides are just two monosaccharides joined together. Sucrose (table sugar) combines glucose and fructose, whilst maltose joins two glucose molecules. Polysaccharides like starch and cellulose are long chains of glucose monomers.
The structural difference between alpha-glucose and beta-glucose might seem tiny, but it's huge in terms of function. Alpha-glucose makes digestible starch, whilst beta-glucose creates cellulose that you can't digest.
Exam Focus Learn the specific combinations for disaccharides - examiners love testing whether you know maltose is glucose + glucose, not glucose + fructose!
Glucose is probably the most important monosaccharide you'll encounter. Its chemical formula C₆H₁₂O₆ tells you it's got six carbons, which makes it a hexose sugar. The ring structure might look complicated, but it's just carbon atoms with hydrogen and oxygen attached.
Understanding glucose structure helps explain how condensation reactions work. When two glucose molecules join, they lose a water molecule (H₂O) and form a bond. This process repeats thousands of times to create polymers like starch.
The difference between alpha and beta glucose is just the position of one OH group, but this tiny change determines whether you get digestible starch or structural cellulose.
Study Smart Don't worry about memorising the exact ring structure - focus on understanding how glucose molecules can join together and break apart!
Our AI Companion is a student-focused AI tool that offers more than just answers. Built on millions of Knowunity resources, it provides relevant information, personalised study plans, quizzes, and content directly in the chat, adapting to your individual learning journey.
You can download the app from Google Play Store and Apple App Store.
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help – all at your fingertips.
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Transform this note into: ✓ 50+ Practice Questions ✓ Interactive Flashcards ✓ Full Mock Exam ✓ Essay Outlines
Comprehensive A-Level Biology notes covering essential biological molecules including carbohydrates (starch, glycogen, cellulose), proteins (amino acids, structure), lipids, and enzymes. Understand monomers, polymers, and the role of enzymes in biochemical reactions. Ideal for exam preparation and revision.
BiologyExplore comprehensive revision notes on biological molecules, including carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Understand key concepts such as enzyme-substrate complexes, DNA replication, and the properties of ATP. Ideal for AS/A Level Biology students preparing for exams.
Biologysimplified notes for quick recall
BiologyExplore the essential concepts of biological molecules, including the roles of water, monomers, and polymers. This summary covers carbohydrates, their types (monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides), and key processes like condensation and hydrolysis. Ideal for biology students seeking to grasp the fundamentals of biomolecules and their significance in metabolic reactions.
BiologyExplore the essential concepts of biological molecules, including carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids. This summary covers the structure and function of key macromolecules, condensation and hydrolysis reactions, and the role of hydrogen bonds in biological systems. Ideal for students preparing for exams or seeking a comprehensive understanding of biomolecules.
BiologyExplore the fundamentals of metabolism, including its definition, examples like respiration, and the metabolic rate. This summary covers the three main types of food molecules: carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids, essential for GCSE Biology students. Enhance your understanding of cellular processes and energy usage in living organisms.
BiologyApp Store
Google Play
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
Victor
@the1andonly
Ready to tackle one of biology's fundamental concepts? Understanding monomers and polymers is like learning the building blocks of life - once you get it, everything else starts making sense. These simple units combine to create all the complex molecules... Show more
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Think of monomers as biological LEGO bricks - they're single units that can join together to build something much bigger. Polymers are what you get when loads of these monomers link up, like a massive LEGO castle made from hundreds of individual pieces.
This concept is absolutely everywhere in biology. Your muscles are made of protein polymers, your energy comes from carbohydrate polymers, and even your DNA is a polymer. Getting this right now will make the rest of A-level biology so much easier.
Key Point: Every major biological molecule you'll study is either a monomer or a polymer - there's no escaping this fundamental relationship!
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Let's make this concrete with examples you'll definitely see in exams. An amino acid is a monomer that joins with others to make proteins (polymers). Glucose is a monomer that links together to form starch or cellulose (both polymers).
Even DNA follows this pattern - it's made from monomers called nucleotides. Each nucleotide contains a sugar, phosphate, and a base, but when thousands join together, you get the complex DNA molecule that carries your genetic code.
The beauty is in the simplicity - just a few types of monomers can create the incredible diversity of life around you.
Exam Tip: Practice identifying whether molecules are monomers or polymers - this comes up constantly in multiple choice questions!
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Your body runs on four main types of biological molecules: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Each is built from specific elements, and three of them follow the monomer-polymer pattern.
Carbohydrates contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Proteins add nitrogen and sometimes sulfur to the mix. Nucleic acids like DNA need phosphorus as well. Only lipids break the monomer-polymer rule - they're built differently.
Understanding which elements make up each molecule type is crucial for exam success. You'll often get questions asking you to identify molecules based on their elemental composition.
Memory Trick: Remember "CHON" - Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen are the big four elements in most biological molecules!
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Here's where chemistry meets biology in the most important way possible. Condensation reactions join monomers together by removing water molecules - think of it as biological glue that needs energy to work.
Hydrolysis reactions do the opposite - they break polymers apart by adding water back in, releasing energy in the process. This is how your body breaks down food polymers into usable monomers.
These reactions are happening in your body right now. Every time you digest food, hydrolysis breaks down complex carbohydrates and proteins. When you build muscle, condensation reactions create new protein polymers.
Real Life Connection: When you eat pasta, hydrolysis reactions break the starch polymers into glucose monomers your cells can actually use for energy!
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Carbohydrates are your body's preferred energy source, and they perfectly demonstrate the monomer-polymer concept. Monosaccharides like glucose and fructose are the monomers - simple sugars with the formula C₆H₁₂O₆.
Disaccharides are just two monosaccharides joined together. Sucrose (table sugar) combines glucose and fructose, whilst maltose joins two glucose molecules. Polysaccharides like starch and cellulose are long chains of glucose monomers.
The structural difference between alpha-glucose and beta-glucose might seem tiny, but it's huge in terms of function. Alpha-glucose makes digestible starch, whilst beta-glucose creates cellulose that you can't digest.
Exam Focus: Learn the specific combinations for disaccharides - examiners love testing whether you know maltose is glucose + glucose, not glucose + fructose!
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Glucose is probably the most important monosaccharide you'll encounter. Its chemical formula C₆H₁₂O₆ tells you it's got six carbons, which makes it a hexose sugar. The ring structure might look complicated, but it's just carbon atoms with hydrogen and oxygen attached.
Understanding glucose structure helps explain how condensation reactions work. When two glucose molecules join, they lose a water molecule (H₂O) and form a bond. This process repeats thousands of times to create polymers like starch.
The difference between alpha and beta glucose is just the position of one OH group, but this tiny change determines whether you get digestible starch or structural cellulose.
Study Smart: Don't worry about memorising the exact ring structure - focus on understanding how glucose molecules can join together and break apart!
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Our AI Companion is a student-focused AI tool that offers more than just answers. Built on millions of Knowunity resources, it provides relevant information, personalised study plans, quizzes, and content directly in the chat, adapting to your individual learning journey.
You can download the app from Google Play Store and Apple App Store.
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help – all at your fingertips.
0
Smart Tools NEW
Transform this note into: ✓ 50+ Practice Questions ✓ Interactive Flashcards ✓ Full Mock Exam ✓ Essay Outlines
Comprehensive A-Level Biology notes covering essential biological molecules including carbohydrates (starch, glycogen, cellulose), proteins (amino acids, structure), lipids, and enzymes. Understand monomers, polymers, and the role of enzymes in biochemical reactions. Ideal for exam preparation and revision.
BiologyExplore comprehensive revision notes on biological molecules, including carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Understand key concepts such as enzyme-substrate complexes, DNA replication, and the properties of ATP. Ideal for AS/A Level Biology students preparing for exams.
Biologysimplified notes for quick recall
BiologyExplore the essential concepts of biological molecules, including the roles of water, monomers, and polymers. This summary covers carbohydrates, their types (monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides), and key processes like condensation and hydrolysis. Ideal for biology students seeking to grasp the fundamentals of biomolecules and their significance in metabolic reactions.
BiologyExplore the essential concepts of biological molecules, including carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids. This summary covers the structure and function of key macromolecules, condensation and hydrolysis reactions, and the role of hydrogen bonds in biological systems. Ideal for students preparing for exams or seeking a comprehensive understanding of biomolecules.
BiologyExplore the fundamentals of metabolism, including its definition, examples like respiration, and the metabolic rate. This summary covers the three main types of food molecules: carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids, essential for GCSE Biology students. Enhance your understanding of cellular processes and energy usage in living organisms.
BiologyApp Store
Google Play
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
Combined Science
Sociology