Maths
Chemistry
Biology
English Language
History
Responding to change (a2 only)
Infection and response
Homeostasis and response
Energy transfers (a2 only)
Cell biology
Organisms respond to changes in their internal and external environments (a-level only)
Biological molecules
Organisation
Substance exchange
Bioenergetics
Genetic information & variation
Inheritance, variation and evolution
Genetics & ecosystems (a2 only)
Ecology
Cells
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Britain & the wider world: 1745 -1901
1l the quest for political stability: germany, 1871-1991
The cold war
Inter-war germany
Medieval period: 1066 -1509
2d religious conflict and the church in england, c1529-c1570
2o democracy and nazism: germany, 1918-1945
1f industrialisation and the people: britain, c1783-1885
1c the tudors: england, 1485-1603
2m wars and welfare: britain in transition, 1906-1957
World war two & the holocaust
2n revolution and dictatorship: russia, 1917-1953
2s the making of modern britain, 1951-2007
World war one
Britain: 1509 -1745
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111
•
9 Dec 2025
•
Riddhi Kapadia
@riddhikapadia
Cell division is a fundamental biological process that allows organisms... Show more
Ever wondered how your body creates different types of cells for different purposes? It all comes down to two main types of cell division.
Asexual reproduction produces body cells through mitosis, involving just 1 division. The daughter cells contain the full set of 46 chromosomes (23 pairs), making them diploid cells. This process creates 2 cells that are genetically identical to each other and the parent cell.
Sexual reproduction creates gametes through meiosis with 2 divisions. These daughter cells contain only 23 chromosomes (half the normal amount), making them haploid cells. This process produces 4 genetically different cells, perfect for creating genetic diversity during reproduction.
💡 Remember this key difference: mitosis creates identical copies for growth and repair, while meiosis creates variety for reproduction!
Your body uses mitosis constantly for growth and repair, while meiosis is specifically used to produce eggs or sperm for sexual reproduction.
Mitosis might seem complicated, but it's really just a series of organized steps your cells follow to divide properly.
The process begins with Interphase, where cells spend 78% of their time. During this crucial preparation stage, DNA is copied while chromosomes remain uncoiled and separated. Next comes Prophase, when DNA strands condense and coil up to form visible chromosomes, held together at their centers by centromeres.
In Metaphase, chromosomes line up neatly across the cell's equator as the nuclear membrane breaks down. This orderly arrangement ensures each new cell will receive the correct genetic material. During Anaphase, chromosomes split apart at their centers, with one strand of DNA from each chromosome traveling to opposite poles of the cell.
Telophase sees the chromosomes gathering at the poles while new nuclear membranes form around them. Finally, during Cytokinesis, the cytoplasm and cell organelles divide between the two new cells as the cell membrane pinches inward, creating complete new cells.
⚠️ Mitosis must occur in the correct sequence every time. Even small errors in this process can lead to serious problems like cancer!
Need a clever way to remember the stages of cell division? You're in luck!
The phases of mitosis can be remembered using the abbreviation IPMTC (including Interphase). Many students use the mnemonic "RALPH" where each letter represents an action: Replicate (Interphase), Appear (Prophase), Line up (Metaphase), Pull apart (Anaphase), and Half and half (Telophase and Cytokinesis).
Understanding mitosis helps explain serious conditions like cancer. Cancer results from uncontrolled cell division, typically caused by DNA errors that either accelerate cell division or prevent programmed cell death. As cancerous cells continue to divide without proper regulation, they form tumours.
🔍 Try creating your own mnemonic for the stages of mitosis - making a personal connection to the material makes it much easier to remember!
With this simple mnemonic, you'll be able to recall the stages of mitosis for your next test without confusion.
Cell division works differently in plants and animals, affecting how these organisms grow and develop throughout their lives.
In plants, cell division is concentrated in regions called meristems, typically at the growing tips. After division, plant cells elongate and then differentiate into specialized cell types. This allows plants to grow continuously throughout their lives, with height increases coming primarily from cell elongation rather than division alone.
Animal cells follow a different pattern. Cell division occurs throughout the body rather than in specific regions. Animals have finite growth, meaning they eventually stop growing. Their cells tend to be more specialized, and they lose the ability to differentiate early in development.
The human development process illustrates cell division in action. It begins with fertilisation when a sperm cell joins with an egg cell to create a zygote. This single cell undergoes repeated divisions, first becoming an embryo of 2 cells, then 4, then 8, and so on. These cells gradually differentiate into various specialized types, forming a foetus that continues developing into a fully formed baby.
🌱 Amazing fact: A single plant meristem can produce thousands of new cells throughout a plant's lifetime, which is why some trees can live for thousands of years!
Our AI Companion is a student-focused AI tool that offers more than just answers. Built on millions of Knowunity resources, it provides relevant information, personalised study plans, quizzes, and content directly in the chat, adapting to your individual learning journey.
You can download the app from Google Play Store and Apple App Store.
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help – all at your fingertips.
App Store
Google Play
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
Riddhi Kapadia
@riddhikapadia
Cell division is a fundamental biological process that allows organisms to grow, repair, and reproduce. Understanding the different types of cell division, their stages, and their purposes helps us make sense of how life develops and continues from one generation... Show more
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Ever wondered how your body creates different types of cells for different purposes? It all comes down to two main types of cell division.
Asexual reproduction produces body cells through mitosis, involving just 1 division. The daughter cells contain the full set of 46 chromosomes (23 pairs), making them diploid cells. This process creates 2 cells that are genetically identical to each other and the parent cell.
Sexual reproduction creates gametes through meiosis with 2 divisions. These daughter cells contain only 23 chromosomes (half the normal amount), making them haploid cells. This process produces 4 genetically different cells, perfect for creating genetic diversity during reproduction.
💡 Remember this key difference: mitosis creates identical copies for growth and repair, while meiosis creates variety for reproduction!
Your body uses mitosis constantly for growth and repair, while meiosis is specifically used to produce eggs or sperm for sexual reproduction.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Mitosis might seem complicated, but it's really just a series of organized steps your cells follow to divide properly.
The process begins with Interphase, where cells spend 78% of their time. During this crucial preparation stage, DNA is copied while chromosomes remain uncoiled and separated. Next comes Prophase, when DNA strands condense and coil up to form visible chromosomes, held together at their centers by centromeres.
In Metaphase, chromosomes line up neatly across the cell's equator as the nuclear membrane breaks down. This orderly arrangement ensures each new cell will receive the correct genetic material. During Anaphase, chromosomes split apart at their centers, with one strand of DNA from each chromosome traveling to opposite poles of the cell.
Telophase sees the chromosomes gathering at the poles while new nuclear membranes form around them. Finally, during Cytokinesis, the cytoplasm and cell organelles divide between the two new cells as the cell membrane pinches inward, creating complete new cells.
⚠️ Mitosis must occur in the correct sequence every time. Even small errors in this process can lead to serious problems like cancer!
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Need a clever way to remember the stages of cell division? You're in luck!
The phases of mitosis can be remembered using the abbreviation IPMTC (including Interphase). Many students use the mnemonic "RALPH" where each letter represents an action: Replicate (Interphase), Appear (Prophase), Line up (Metaphase), Pull apart (Anaphase), and Half and half (Telophase and Cytokinesis).
Understanding mitosis helps explain serious conditions like cancer. Cancer results from uncontrolled cell division, typically caused by DNA errors that either accelerate cell division or prevent programmed cell death. As cancerous cells continue to divide without proper regulation, they form tumours.
🔍 Try creating your own mnemonic for the stages of mitosis - making a personal connection to the material makes it much easier to remember!
With this simple mnemonic, you'll be able to recall the stages of mitosis for your next test without confusion.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Cell division works differently in plants and animals, affecting how these organisms grow and develop throughout their lives.
In plants, cell division is concentrated in regions called meristems, typically at the growing tips. After division, plant cells elongate and then differentiate into specialized cell types. This allows plants to grow continuously throughout their lives, with height increases coming primarily from cell elongation rather than division alone.
Animal cells follow a different pattern. Cell division occurs throughout the body rather than in specific regions. Animals have finite growth, meaning they eventually stop growing. Their cells tend to be more specialized, and they lose the ability to differentiate early in development.
The human development process illustrates cell division in action. It begins with fertilisation when a sperm cell joins with an egg cell to create a zygote. This single cell undergoes repeated divisions, first becoming an embryo of 2 cells, then 4, then 8, and so on. These cells gradually differentiate into various specialized types, forming a foetus that continues developing into a fully formed baby.
🌱 Amazing fact: A single plant meristem can produce thousands of new cells throughout a plant's lifetime, which is why some trees can live for thousands of years!
Our AI Companion is a student-focused AI tool that offers more than just answers. Built on millions of Knowunity resources, it provides relevant information, personalised study plans, quizzes, and content directly in the chat, adapting to your individual learning journey.
You can download the app from Google Play Store and Apple App Store.
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help – all at your fingertips.
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Explore the stages of mitosis in detail, including interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. This concise summary highlights the key processes involved in cell division, essential for GCSE Edexcel and AQA students. Understand how mitosis contributes to growth and cell replacement, and use the PMAT acronym to remember the sequence of events.
BiologyExplore the processes of cell differentiation, the cell cycle, mitosis, and meiosis. Understand the roles of stem cells, their potency, and the significance of specialized cells like erythrocytes and neutrophils. This summary also addresses ethical concerns surrounding stem cell use and highlights the organization of cells into tissues and organs.
BiologyExplore the essential processes of photosynthesis, including the role of chlorophyll, light-dependent reactions, and factors affecting plant growth. This summary covers the conversion of carbon dioxide and water into glucose, the importance of light, and adaptations of leaves for optimal photosynthesis. Ideal for GCSE Biology students seeking to understand plant productivity and the significance of photosynthesis in ecosystems.
BiologyExplore the key concepts of cell division, including mitosis and meiosis, alongside biological classification methods such as phylogeny and species classification. This summary provides a clear overview of the processes involved in cell division and the importance of classifying organisms based on observable characteristics and genetic relationships. Ideal for GCSE Biology students.
BiologyExplore the detailed stages of mitosis, including Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, and Telophase. This summary highlights key events such as chromatin condensation, spindle apparatus formation, and cytokinesis, essential for A Level Biology students. Understand the cell cycle phases and their significance in cell division.
BiologyExplore essential concepts for Biology Paper 1, including eukaryotic and prokaryotic cell structures, mitosis, enzyme functions, and the human circulatory and digestive systems. This comprehensive summary is perfect for exam preparation and understanding key biological processes.
BiologyApp Store
Google Play
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
Sociology