Hormones & Homeostasis summary

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Gland hormone that speeds up growth and also makes hormones that stimulate other glands such as the testes or ovaries, such as Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) and Luteinising Hormone (LH). -Pancreas Ovary Thyroid Gland Thymus Adrenal Gland- The pancreas secretes insulin and glucagon that controls the amount of glucose in the blood. Testicles -Pituitary Gland -Pancreas -Ovary A lack of insulin leaves too much glucose in the bloodstream making people feel unwell. This is called diabetes. The action of the insulin is to convert glucose to glycogen. This can also be done artificially by injecting insulin directly into the bloodstream. Thyroid Gland- Thymus- Adrenald- Pituitary Gland Testicles00 -Pancreas energy. Thyroid hormones are important as they help kids' and teens' bones grow and develop, and they also play a role in the development of the brain and nervous system in kids. The Pituitary Gland controls thyroxine levels via negative feedback. Explain that you beastly children! The production and release of thyroid hormone, thyroxine is controlled by TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone), which is secreted by the pituitary gland. The more thyroxine there is in a person's bloodstream, the faster chemical reactions occur in the body which affects the rate at which cells produce -Ovary Thyroid Gland- Thymus Adrenal Gland- Testicles 00 One of a pair of glands Pituitary Gland lying just above the kidney which release adrenaline and a number of other hormones known as steroids. Adrenaline is known as the 'fight or flight' hormone. It prepares the body to either defend itself or run away in the face of danger! -Pancreas Ovary Effects of adrenaline: Heart rate & breathing rate increase Stored glycogen converted to glucose Pupils of eyes dilate Mental awareness increases Blood diverted from digestive gut to muscles Thyroid Gland- Thymus- Adrenal Gland- Testicles00 Males have 2 testicles. The testes produce testosterone. Testosterone levels change as a Pituitary Gland boy goes through puberty and testosterone stimulates sperm production. -Pancreas -Ovary Thyroid Gland- Thymus- Adrenal Gland- Testicles-00 -Pituitary Gland -Pancreas -Ovary Females have 2 ovaries. Ovaries produce the hormone oestrogen and progesterone. These have an affect on the menstrual cycle, pregnancy and puberty Pituitary Thyroid Pancreas Adrenal Ovaries Testes ● ● Controls growth in children Stimulates the thyroid gland to make thyroxine In women - stimulates the ovaries to produce and release eggs & make oestrogen In men-stimulates the testes to make sperm and testosterone Controls the metabolic rate of the body Controls the levels of glucose in the blood Prepares the body for stressful situations Controls the development of the female secondary sexual characteristics, involved in the menstrual cycle Controls the development of the male secondary sexual characteristics and is involved in the production of sperm How do you think the following things will affect the body? You have 30 seconds thinking time and then ONE minute to discuss with your partner-then write your answer on the post it note provided. HARIBO Starmix Q Glucose is the body's energy source but the blood only contains about 90mg per litre We can think of the bodies blood glucose level as a finally balanced seesaw I 150 I 140 130 120 I I 110 100 I 90 80 I 1 70 I 60 I 1 50 I I I 30 40 1 I 140 150 1 I 110 100 1 130 I 90 80 120 1 1 70 1 1 1 1 50 60 40 30 I 150 I 140 130 120 I I 110 I 100 I 90 80 I I I 1 70 I I 1 50 60 40 30 Blood glucose levels rise when we eat I 150 I 140 I I 130 120 I I 110 I I I 90 I I 1 70 I I 1 50 100 80 60 40 30 I 150 I 140 130 120 I 110 100 I 90 80 I I I 1 70 I I 1 50 60 40 30 1 I 140 1 150 130 I 110 120 I I 90 80 1 100 1 I 70 1 1 1 50 60 40 30 Blood glucose levels fall when we exercise I 150 I 140 130 120 I I 110 I 100 I 90 80 I 1 70 I I 1 50 60 I I I 30 40 1 Controlling blood glucose Too much glucose makes the blood plasma and tissue fluid around cells too concentrated. Cells contract as water moves out. Too little blood sugar can make cells swell up and burst. This is called lysis. How does the body control blood glucose? Blood glucose levels are monitored and controlled by the pancreas. pancrea S The pancreas produces and releases different hormones depending on the blood glucose level. • Insulin is released when blood glucose levels are high- the liver stores excess glucose as glycogen. • Glucagon is released when blood glucose levels are low - the liver converts stored glycogen into glucose and releases it into the blood. Control of blood glucose After A meal is eaten Blood glucose Level rise Control of blood glucose after a meal Blood glucose level back to normal + creas releases insulin into Liver converts blood glucose to glycogen for blood stream Exercise Blood glucose Level falls Control of blood glucose after exercise Blood glucose level back to normal € reas releases glucagon into blood stream Liver converts glycogen to glucose which is put into blog Controlling Glucose rises (eat food) Normal blood glucose level. Glucose falls (exercise) Blood Glucose Levels: Copy & Complete Insulin produced by the causes change to to Pancreas Liver Glucose Glycogen Glucagon Glycogen released and converted back to glucose by the Normal blood glucose level. Glucose rises (eat food) Normal blood glucose level. Glucose falls (exercise) Insulin produced by the pancreas causes glucose to change to glycogen (stored in the liver) Glucagon released and glycogen converted back to glucose by the liver Normal blood glucose level. ● Analysing results Copy the graph below and write the letters on the graph to show each situation: Blood glucose level A - eating a meal D-glucagon released B - exercise f... → Time C - insulin released Your body has to monitor blood glucose and respond to the changes Diabetes -People with diabetes will test positive for glucose in their urine. -A healthy person should never find any glucose in their urine. ✓ x Diabetes The body cannot properly use glucose for energy. There is plenty of glucose in the blood but it cant enter the cells for respiration. To enter the cells the glucose needs insulin. IMPORTANCE OF INSULIN Cell Insulin receptor Insulin Glucose channel Glucose Type 1 and Type 2 Causes: Type 1 diabetes is caused by the insulin producing cells in the pancreas being destroyed. Type 2 diabetes is caused by the body being unable to produce insulin due to diet and lifestyle or the insulin doesn't work. Reasons for increase in type 2 diabetes: High sugar diets High fat diets • Increase in obesity Lack of exercise Type 1 Diabetes ● ● ● Insulin Dependent Pancreas does not produce insulin at all Develops in young children Type 1 Diabetics given injections of insulin In the case of Type 1 diabetes, there is no key (insulin) to unlock the door to the cells ● INSULIN ● Type 2 Diabetes Insulin produced cannot be used by the body- cells stop responding to insulin Mainly occurs in overweight adults Increasing number of people effected between ages of 25 and 45 Diabetes develops when glucose can't enter the body's cells to be used as fuel. This happens because either: Generally controlled by healthy diet, avoiding high sugar food and taking exercise. Or, in the case of Type 2 diabetes, the key (insulin) is unable to unlock the door properly and/or the key (insulin) is there but the lock doesn't work properly INSULIN ● ● ● ● Advice for a Diabetic: Eat three regular meals a day to stabilise blood sugar levels Eliminate refined sugar products from the diet Eat food with low sugar content and use artificial sweeteners and diabetic food alternatives Increase intake of high fibre foods, e.g. wholemeal/wholegrain products. Reduce intake of saturate fats to decrease risk of CHD and stroke Each starch based carbohydrates for slow release energy Type 2 Exercise, lose weight ● I Do Keywords Menstruation - Bleeding during a period Ovulation - this is when the egg is released around day 14 Fertilisation - when the nucleus of the sperm and the nucleus of the egg fuse Implantation - the fertilised egg (embryo) attaches to the new lining of the uterus Hormones - chemicals messengers that travel in the blood to a target organ (or cells) The Menstrual Cycle Hormone levels 0 Ovary follicle develops Uterus wall 0 menstruation 1 1 oestrogen 2 Col ovulation 2 Hormones and the menstrual cycle 3 3 progesterone fime in weeks corpus luteum develops - Secretes progesterone Time in weeks 4 Brain Hypothalamus Pituitary Kidneys 10 Pituitary Gland Thyroid Gland Adrenal Glands Ovaries FSH and LH from pituitary gland cause egg to mature I Do Pituitary gland Ovary Egg *ADAM. FSH Menstruation Oestrogen 5 Old egg leaves body in menstrual flow 12 X 16 Egg released 12 15 LH 20 New egg in womb 23 28 Thickness of womb lining Days Days New egg maturing in ovary New egg travelling to womb On which days is she having a menstrual period? Ovary Follicle with egg gradually develops Thickness of uterus wall 0 Concentration of hormones in the blood 7 The menstrual cycle Ovulation (egg released) Oestrogen Empty follicle gradually disappears 14 21 Day of cycle 3 Uterus wall rich in blood vessels 5 28 4 Progesterone 7 5 1 Uterus lining breaks down (i.e. a period). 2 Repair of the uterus wall. Oestrogen causes the uterus lining to gradually thicken. 3 Egg released by the ovary. 4 Progesterone and oestrogen make the lining stay thick, waiting for a fertilised egg. 5 No fertilised egg so cycle restarts. Pituitary gland secretes FSH An egg matures 1. To ovaries Ovaries secrete oestrogen 2. To pituitary gland 3. To uterus (womb) Preparation of uterus lining Pituitary gland secretes LH 4. To ovaries An ovary releases an egg So the lining is ready when an egg is released Pituitary gland produces FSH An egg matures 1. To ovaries Ovaries release oestrogen Stops Starts 2. To pituitary gland 3. To uterus (womb) Preparation of uterus lining Pituitary gland produces LH 4. To ovaries An ovary releases an egg So the lining is ready when an egg is released Pituitary Hormones Ovarian Follicle Ovarian Hormones Endometrial Wall Follicular Phase Maturing Follicle Oestrogen 5 Progesterone LH FSH 10 Luteal Phase 15 20 28 1 Day KEY POINT: Progesterone levels continue to be high during pregnancy, as Progesterone maintains the uterus lining and helps the placenta grow Corpus Luteum 25 Progesterone ● • This is secreted by the ovary during pregnancy. It maintains the uterus lining for 9 months so the placenta and foetus can grow. ● Progesterone also inhibits FSH release - because the mother does not want any more eggs to be released while she is pregnant. 0 The menstrual cycle FSH Oestrogen 5 Old egg leaves body in menstrual flow 0 12 X 16 Egg released 12 New egg maturing in ovary 15 LH amma- 20 New egg in womb 23 28 New egg travelling to womb Thickness of womb lining Days Days The most fertile day FSH Oestrogen 12 Old egg leaves body Egg released in menstrual flow LH 12 20 mins an New egg in womb 23 15 New egg maturing New egg travelling in ovary to womb 28 Thickness of womb lining Days Days On which day is the woman most likely to get pregnant? The most fertile day Answer: Day 14. Menstruation Answer: Days 0-5. Luteinising hormone FSH 0 Oestrogen 5 Old egg leaves body in menstrual flow 12 X 16 Egg released 12 15 LH 20 New egg in womb 23 28 Thickness of womb lining Days Days New egg maturing in ovary New egg travelling to womb On which day is the level of LH highest? Luteinising hormone Answer: Day 14. Hormonal control FSH Oestrogen 12 x Old egg leaves body Egg released in menstrual flow New egg maturing in ovary 12 15 LH 20 New egg in womb 23 New egg travelling to womb 28 Thickness of womb lining Days Days Which hormone controls the build up of the lining of the womb? Hormonal control Answer: Oestrogen. The Review Task... (i) Q1. The human bod. (a) (i) What is a hor ( gland / named endocrine gland brain alone is FSH stimulates oestrogen (production) / egg maturation / egg ripening ignore production / development of egg 1 oestrogen inhibits FSH (allow oestrogen stimulates LH / build up of uterine lining 1 growth of corpus luteum Cignore production of egg any one from: chemical messenger / message allow substance / material which is a messenger chemical / substance produced by a gland allow material produced by a gland chemical / substance transported to / acting on a target organ chemical / substance that controls body functions LH stimulates egg / ovum release / ovulation accept LH inhibits oestrogen accept LH controls / stimulates 1 YOU Do 1 (1) (1) ved in the control SCIENCEphotoLIBRARY 40mm Actual size 2mm sing 44 Which contraceptive contains hormones? xanp Difference [ХӘЛІ. Xaun DUAL PLEASURE Life Styles condom dabele tann IN Tara on lates 1 de durex es cond DUAL PLEASUR RICATED LifeStyles latex 1 priser en lates de late J 1 condon de la (durex) lates condom JUeX yoond K de lates Idu TAH dure Hater preber tov 1 lates condo Te idiol 28 28 900-X Tri 00000. ANGE 28 O 0000000000 Tridi WWW How does the contraceptive pill work? The contraceptive pill works by preventing ovulation. With no egg to fertilise, a pregnancy cannot occur. The pill contains a hormone. Which one? Explain your answer. Pituitary gland produces FSH An egg matures 1. To ovaries Ovaries release oestrogen Stops Starts 2. To pituitary gland 3. To uterus (womb) Preparation of uterus lining Pituitary gland produces LH 4. To ovaries An ovary releases an egg So the lining is ready when an egg is released How does the contraceptive pill work? The contraceptive pill works by preventing ovulation. With no egg to fertilise, a pregnancy cannot occur. The pill contains a hormone. Which one? Explain your answer. It contains oestrogen. This hormone stops FSH being produced by the pituitary gland. Without FSH no eggs mature. 1. What is "the pill" and why is it used? The Contraceptive Pill 1 ¡Contraceptive that uses hormones to prevent pregnancy 2. Use your knowledge of hormones to explain how a contraceptive pill works (Name the hormone used and how it prevents pregnancy) (Key terms- FSH, oestrogen, inhibits) 2 inhibits FSH (production / secretion) (therefore) no eggs mature / released or effect of FSH on ovary described if no other marks gained allow 1 mark for no eggs produced references to LH are neutral 1 1 4.5.3.4 Contraception Content Students should be able to evaluate the different hormonal and non- hormonal methods of contraception. Fertility can be controlled by a variety of hormonal and non-hormonal methods of contraception. These include: • oral contraceptives that contain hormones to inhibit FSH production so that no eggs mature ● injection, implant or skin patch of slow release progesterone to inhibit the maturation and release of eggs for a number of months or years • barrier methods such as condoms and diaphragms which prevent the sperm reaching an egg • intrauterine devices which prevent the implantation of an embryo or release a hormone • spermicidal agents which kill or disable sperm abstaining from intercourse when an egg may be in the oviduct • surgical methods of male and female sterilisation. ● Key opportunities for skills development WS 1.3 Show why issues around contraception cannot be answered by science alone. WS 1.4 Explain everyday and technological applications of science; evaluate associated personal, social, economic and environmental implications; and make decisions based on the evaluation of evidence and arguments. Non-hormonal contraception Contraceptive method Method of action Barrier method - condom (male + female) Barrier method - diaphragm Intrauterine device Spermicidal agent Abstinence Calendar method Surgical method Prevents the sperm from 82% effective reaching the egg Prevents implantation- some release hormones Prevents the sperm from 88% effective reaching the egg Kills or disables sperm Advantages Refraining from sexual intercourse when an egg is likely to be in the oviduct Vasectomy and female sterilisation Most effective against STIs Can be put in place right before intercourse or 2-3 hours before Don't need to take out between acts of sexual intercourse 99% effective Very effective against pregnancy ● Doesn't need daily attention ● Comfortable Can be removed at any time 72% effective ● Cheap 76% effective ● Natural Approved by many religions ●Woman gets to know her body and menstrual cycles 99% effective ● Very effective against pregnancy ● One-time decision providing permanent protection Disadvantages ● Can only be used once May interrupt sexual activity ● Can break Some people are allergic to latex ● Increases urinary tract infections ●Doesn't protect against STIs ● Doesn't protect against STIs ●Needs to be inserted by a medical practitioner ●Higher risk of infection when first inserted ●Can have side effects such as menstrual cramping ●Can fall out and puncture the uterus (rare) ●Doesn't protect against STIs ●Needs to be reapplied after one hour Increases urinary tract infections Some people are allergic to spermicidal agents ●Doesn't protect against STIs ●Calculating the ovulation period each month requires careful monitoring and instruction ● Can't have sexual intercourse for at least a week each month ●No protection against STIs Need to have minor surgery ● Permanent Hormonal contraception Contraceptive method ● Oral contraceptive ● Hormone injection ● Skin patch Implant Method of action Contains hormones that inhibit FSH production, so eggs fail to mature Provides slow release of progesterone; this inhibits maturation and release of eggs Advantages 91% effectiveness ● Very effective against pregnancy if used correctly ● Makes menstrual periods lighter and more regular ● Lowers risk of ovarian and uterine cancer, and other conditions ●Doesn't interrupt sexual activity 91-99% effectiveness depending on method used ● Lasts over many months or years ●Light or no menstrual periods ● Doesn't interrupt sexual activity Disadvantages ● Doesn't protect against STIs Need to remember to take it every day at the same time Can't be used by women with certain medical problems or by women taking certain medications ●Can occasionally cause side effects Doesn't protect against STIs May require minor surgery (for implant) ● Can cause side effects Self-assessment questions Grade 5-6 1. Describe two effects of FSH Grade 7-8 2. Describe how concentrations of oestrogen in the blood change during the menstrual cycle, and the effects that these changes have. Self Assessment: Answers Q1. It makes eggs mature in the ovaries, and it makes the ovaries secrete oestrogen. Q2. Oestrogen levels rise during the first half of the cycle (B), causing the lining of the uterus to build up (A). They fall during the last part of the cycle (B), and the uterus lining breaks down when oestrogen is at its lowest at the start of the next cycle (A). Which grade would you give yourself? Self-assessment questions Grade 5-6 1. Which 2 hormones are present in the contraceptive pill? Grade 7-8 2. How do these hormones prevent pregnancy and suggest why fertility treatment using FSH often result in multiple birth Self Assessment: Answers Q1: Oestrogen and progesterone Q2: Oestrogen inhibits the production of FSH from the pituitary gland which will prevent an egg maturing (B-A). FSH can bring more than one egg to maturity each month so more than one egg can be fertilised causing multiple embryos to develop Which grade would you give yourself? IVF Higher Only ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Why can't we get pregnant? Low sperm count (not enough) Weak swimming sperm Not having intercourse at the right time. Eggs not maturing Eggs not being released Eggs blocked in Fallopian tubes Eggs dying Fertilised eggs not implanting Low FSH / LH levels FSH Oestrogen Old egg leaves body Egg released in menstrual flow 12 -LH New egg maturing in ovary New egg in womb 23 15 New egg travelling to womb 28 Thickness of womb lining Days Days ● ● ● ● IVF This is also called having a 'test tube baby' Hormonal stimulation It stands for in-vitro fertilisation The woman is given drugs with FSH and LH in to release eggs and grow the uterus lining The eggs are collected and sperm added to them in a Petri dish The fertilised eggs (embryos) are placed back into her uterus to develop Ovary Hormonal stimulation Egg Transfer Embryo Sperm HOW IVF WORKS The wife is given daily injections for eight to 12 days to stimulate her ovaries. 2 Eggs extracted from the wife and sperm from the husband are taken to the laboratory. Ovary groe Good sperm is extracted from the sample and the eggs are soaked in nutrients to prepare them for fertilisation. The sperm is injected into the eggs, which are kept for two to five days for the embryos to develop. Embryo Uterus 5 The embryos are injected into the wife's uterus. ● ● ● ● Increasing fertility For many couples struggling with fertility problems, drugs are the first step in treatment. Millions of women are prescribed hormones each year. What do these little wonder pills and injections do? In short, they promote ovulation (egg release). They work by stimulating your ovaries directly to produce an egg (or several). That's all some women need to get pregnant. The hormones are FSH and LH. Many of the drugs in this category have been used safely and successfully for more than 30 years. Fertility drugs can increase your chance of multiple births — and the more babies you carry, the greater your risk for complications such as miscarriage and premature labour. About 10-40% of women who take fertility drugs have multiples (mostly twins).