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1 Jan 2026
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Germline and Somatic Cells in Higher Human Biology: Mitosis, Stem Cells, and Differentiation
Morgan Mckenzie
@morganmckenzie
1 / 3
Cellular Differentiation and Stem Cells
Cellular differentiation is the process by which cells become specialized to perform specific functions. This specialization occurs through the expression of certain genes to produce proteins needed for particular cell types.
Definition: Cellular differentiation is the process by which a cell becomes specialized by expressing specific genes to produce proteins required for its particular function.
There are different types of stem cells with varying potentials for differentiation:
- Tissue stem cells: These are multipotent cells involved in growth, repair, and renewal of specific tissue types. They can differentiate into all cell types found within a particular tissue.
Example: Skin stem cells are needed to maintain and repair our skin daily.
- Embryonic stem cells: These pluripotent cells in the early embryo can differentiate into all cell types that make up an individual. All genes in embryonic stem cells can be expressed, allowing them to specialize into any cell type.
Highlight: Embryonic stem cells are pluripotent, meaning they can differentiate into any cell type in the body.
Research and Therapeutic Uses of Stem Cells
Stem cells have significant potential for both research and therapeutic applications in higher human biology.
Research uses of stem cells include:
- Studying disease development
- Investigating cellular processes such as cell growth, differentiation, and gene regulation
- Testing drugs on model cells
Highlight: Stem cells provide valuable insights into cellular processes and disease mechanisms, making them crucial for research uses of stem cells.
Therapeutic uses of stem cells involve repairing damaged or diseased organs or tissues. Current applications include:
- Repairing corneal damage in the eye
- Replacing and regenerating damaged skin
Vocabulary: Therapeutic use of stem cells refers to the application of stem cells to repair or replace damaged organs or tissues.
The use of embryonic stem cells offers potential for effective treatments but also raises ethical debates due to the destruction of embryos in the process.
Highlight: The therapeutic use of stem cells in higher Biology presents both promising medical advancements and ethical considerations.
Germline Cells and Somatic Cells
Germline cells are the only cells capable of both mitosis and meiosis, producing more diploid germline stem cells and haploid gametes, respectively. These cells are crucial for reproduction and include sperm, eggs, and the stem cells that form them.
Definition: Germline cells are reproductive cells that can undergo both mitosis and meiosis, maintaining the diploid chromosome number through mitosis and producing haploid gametes through meiosis.
Example: Sperm and egg cells are examples of germline cells.
Somatic cells, on the other hand, are any cells in the body other than those involved in reproduction. They do not participate in the reproductive process.
Vocabulary: Somatic cells are all non-reproductive cells in an organism's body.
The nucleus of a germline stem cell can divide by mitosis, maintaining the diploid chromosome number (23 pairs of homologous chromosomes in humans). This division produces more diploid germline stem cells.
Highlight: Germline cells vs somatic cells differ in their ability to undergo meiosis and contribute to reproduction.
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The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
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Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
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Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
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Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
Germline and Somatic Cells in Higher Human Biology: Mitosis, Stem Cells, and Differentiation
Morgan Mckenzie
@morganmckenzie
The human body is composed of specialized cells that perform specific functions. Cellular differentiation in higher human Biologyis the process by which cells express certain genes to produce proteins needed for particular cell types. This summary explores germline cells,... Show more
Cellular Differentiation and Stem Cells
Cellular differentiation is the process by which cells become specialized to perform specific functions. This specialization occurs through the expression of certain genes to produce proteins needed for particular cell types.
Definition: Cellular differentiation is the process by which a cell becomes specialized by expressing specific genes to produce proteins required for its particular function.
There are different types of stem cells with varying potentials for differentiation:
- Tissue stem cells: These are multipotent cells involved in growth, repair, and renewal of specific tissue types. They can differentiate into all cell types found within a particular tissue.
Example: Skin stem cells are needed to maintain and repair our skin daily.
- Embryonic stem cells: These pluripotent cells in the early embryo can differentiate into all cell types that make up an individual. All genes in embryonic stem cells can be expressed, allowing them to specialize into any cell type.
Highlight: Embryonic stem cells are pluripotent, meaning they can differentiate into any cell type in the body.
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Research and Therapeutic Uses of Stem Cells
Stem cells have significant potential for both research and therapeutic applications in higher human biology.
Research uses of stem cells include:
- Studying disease development
- Investigating cellular processes such as cell growth, differentiation, and gene regulation
- Testing drugs on model cells
Highlight: Stem cells provide valuable insights into cellular processes and disease mechanisms, making them crucial for research uses of stem cells.
Therapeutic uses of stem cells involve repairing damaged or diseased organs or tissues. Current applications include:
- Repairing corneal damage in the eye
- Replacing and regenerating damaged skin
Vocabulary: Therapeutic use of stem cells refers to the application of stem cells to repair or replace damaged organs or tissues.
The use of embryonic stem cells offers potential for effective treatments but also raises ethical debates due to the destruction of embryos in the process.
Highlight: The therapeutic use of stem cells in higher Biology presents both promising medical advancements and ethical considerations.
Sign up to see the contentIt's free!
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Germline Cells and Somatic Cells
Germline cells are the only cells capable of both mitosis and meiosis, producing more diploid germline stem cells and haploid gametes, respectively. These cells are crucial for reproduction and include sperm, eggs, and the stem cells that form them.
Definition: Germline cells are reproductive cells that can undergo both mitosis and meiosis, maintaining the diploid chromosome number through mitosis and producing haploid gametes through meiosis.
Example: Sperm and egg cells are examples of germline cells.
Somatic cells, on the other hand, are any cells in the body other than those involved in reproduction. They do not participate in the reproductive process.
Vocabulary: Somatic cells are all non-reproductive cells in an organism's body.
The nucleus of a germline stem cell can divide by mitosis, maintaining the diploid chromosome number (23 pairs of homologous chromosomes in humans). This division produces more diploid germline stem cells.
Highlight: Germline cells vs somatic cells differ in their ability to undergo meiosis and contribute to reproduction.
We thought you’d never ask...
What is the Knowunity AI companion?
Our AI Companion is a student-focused AI tool that offers more than just answers. Built on millions of Knowunity resources, it provides relevant information, personalised study plans, quizzes, and content directly in the chat, adapting to your individual learning journey.
Where can I download the Knowunity app?
You can download the app from Google Play Store and Apple App Store.
Is Knowunity really free of charge?
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help – all at your fingertips.
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Most popular content: Stem Cells
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Students love us — and so will you.
4.9/5
App Store
4.8/5
Google Play
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user