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Higher human biology - 1.6 (metabolic pathways)
03/10/2022
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1 7 Key Area 1.6 Metabolic Pathways (a) Metabolic Pathways. Metabolic pathways are integrated and controlled pathways of enzyme- catalysed reactions within a cell Metabolic pathways can have reversible steps, steps and alternative routes. substrate ↓ Enzyme A Intermediate I reversible Enzyme B step, Or Intermediate 2 ↓ ENZYME C Product Enzyme X catabolic alternative route Intermediate Enzyme Y Reactions within metabolic pathways can be anabolic. irreversable Anabolic pathways build up (synthesis) larger molecules from small molecules online proteins from amino acids); They require energy Catabolic pathways break down large molecules into Smaller molecules. And They release energy. b) Control of Metabolic Dathways. controlled by the presence in the pathway absence of parhonlar enzymes. and through the regulation of " raters of reaction of key enzymes within the pathway. Metabolic pathways are Enzymes can lower the Enzymes o activation energy (energy required to starty off a reaction) hajvy progress of reaction Enzymes are made of proteins folded into a shape exposing the active site. 50 Ea without enzyme Ea with enzyme Products have Enzymes are specific to one type of substrate. The molecules of a substrate are complementary to the active site for mey show a high affinity which are low released after. a for specific affinity the reaction the active site The active site is dynamic and flexible, meaning that the shape of when molecules enter the active site. the enzyme changes slightly, making the active site fit very closely round the subshate moleale. This is Induced fit Substrate concentration. of enzyme reactions reaction Rate of 0 2 substrate concentration reaction rate as a effects. increases 3 A further. increase reaction rate. occupied (enzyme concentration = Inhibitors There are more increase in substate. A Some metabolic pathways are substrate or presence of a drive of sequence 10 At low concentrations of substrate the reaction rate is...
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Alternative transcript:
low due to there not being enough substrate fill all of the active molecules to sites Ⓒ Increasing substrate concentration. active sites are being used. concentration doesn't the fores because all of the direction An inhibitor is a substance that enzyme controlled reachon. reactions in a limiting factor) the removal of a and rate reversible and the competitive non - competitive feedback (by an end product) active sites are three types of inhibitors: product will direction particular AFT decreases the rate of an Competitive inhibitors have a similar. and they bind enzyme's subohak site preventing the substrate rate from binding. Reaction increased again by increasing substrate concentration ( substate is out-competing inhibitor) cam be shape to to the active be the to the Non- competitive inhibitors bind. enzyme allosteric site but change the shape of the active sire preventing the from binding. An This cannot substrate concentration substrate reversed by increasing the at Feedback inhibition occurs. when and product in critical concentration. an the metabolic parhway reaches a eanier The end product then inhibits enzyme blocks the pathway and so prevents further synthesis. of the end product. which