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Britain & the wider world: 1745 -1901
2d religious conflict and the church in england, c1529-c1570
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1l the quest for political stability: germany, 1871-1991
1f industrialisation and the people: britain, c1783-1885
The cold war
1c the tudors: england, 1485-1603
Inter-war germany
2m wars and welfare: britain in transition, 1906-1957
2j america: a nation divided, c1845-1877
World war two & the holocaust
2n revolution and dictatorship: russia, 1917-1953
2s the making of modern britain, 1951-2007
World war one
Britain: 1509 -1745
Show all topics
Biology
7 Oct 2025
1,369
4 pages
essie @academia_angel
Enzymes are biological catalysts that speed up chemical reactions in living organisms. They play a crucial role in... Show more
The induced fit model of enzyme action is an extension of the lock and key theory. This model proposes that the enzyme's active site is more flexible than initially thought.
Definition The induced fit model suggests that the enzyme changes its shape slightly to fit the substrate better during the reaction process.
This model provides a more accurate representation of enzyme-substrate interactions, accounting for the dynamic nature of protein structures.
Temperature significantly impacts enzyme activity. Each enzyme has an optimum temperature at which it functions best.
Vocabulary Optimum temperature is the temperature at which an enzyme functions most efficiently.
Highlight If the temperature exceeds the optimum, the enzyme's shape starts to change, and it becomes denatured, rendering it inactive.
The pH level also plays a crucial role in enzyme activity. Each enzyme has an optimum pH at which it performs most effectively.
Vocabulary Optimum pH is the pH level at which the enzyme functions best.
Highlight If the pH surpasses the optimum level, the enzyme will change shape, slowing down the rate of reaction and potentially becoming denatured.
Understanding how to calculate enzyme reaction rates is crucial in biochemistry and molecular biology. This knowledge allows scientists to quantify enzyme activity and compare the efficiency of different enzymes or the same enzyme under various conditions.
The rate of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction can be calculated using the following formula
Rate of Reaction = Change in Product / Time Taken
Example If an enzyme-controlled reaction produces 30 cm³ of hydrogen gas in 2 minutes, the rate of reaction would be 30 cm³ / 120 seconds = 0.25 cm³/s
When calculating enzyme reaction rates, it's important to use consistent units
Highlight Proper unit conversion is crucial when calculating enzyme reaction rates to ensure accurate results.
Understanding these concepts and calculations is essential for students studying biology, biochemistry, or related fields. It provides a foundation for more advanced studies in enzyme kinetics and metabolic processes.
Enzymes are essential biological catalysts that increase reaction rates without being consumed in the process. They are large proteins composed of amino acids and have specific active sites that bind to substrates.
Definition An enzyme is a biological catalyst that increases the rate of reaction without being changed or used in the process.
Vocabulary
The lock and key theory in enzymes explains how enzymes and substrates interact. This model suggests that the active site of an enzyme has a specific shape that perfectly complements the shape of its substrate, much like a key fits into a lock.
Example The lock and key model process involves
Highlight The enzyme molecule remains unchanged after the reaction and can be reused, making it an efficient catalyst.
Our AI Companion is a student-focused AI tool that offers more than just answers. Built on millions of Knowunity resources, it provides relevant information, personalised study plans, quizzes, and content directly in the chat, adapting to your individual learning journey.
You can download the app from Google Play Store and Apple App Store.
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help – all at your fingertips.
33
Smart Tools NEW
Transform this note into: ✓ 50+ Practice Questions ✓ Interactive Flashcards ✓ Full Mock Exam ✓ Essay Outlines
Explore the essential concepts of bioenergetics, including photosynthesis, cellular respiration, and the factors influencing plant growth. This summary covers the processes of energy transformation in living organisms, the role of light intensity, temperature, and carbon dioxide in photosynthesis, and the significance of aerobic and anaerobic respiration. Ideal for students studying biological life processes and cellular metabolism.
BiologyExplore the intricate processes of photosynthesis, including light-dependent and light-independent reactions, chloroplast structure, and the role of pigments like chlorophyll. This summary covers key concepts such as thylakoids, the Calvin cycle, and the action spectrum, providing a comprehensive overview for A-level Biology students.
Biologyflashcards on b1
BiologyExplore the role of enzymes as biological catalysts in chemical reactions. This summary covers key concepts such as the lock and key model, induced fit model, and the importance of active sites in enzyme specificity. Ideal for students studying biochemistry and cellular processes.
BiologyExplore essential concepts for GCSE AQA Biology Combined Science Paper 1, including diffusion, disease prevention, cell structures, circulatory and digestive systems, and more. This comprehensive mindmap covers vital topics such as communicable diseases, bioenergetics, and plant transport systems, providing a clear overview for effective revision.
BiologyExplore the intricate processes of photosynthesis, including the light-dependent reactions and the Calvin cycle. This detailed summary covers key structures like thylakoids and stroma, the role of chlorophyll, and the conversion of light energy into chemical energy. Ideal for A Level Biology students preparing for exams.
BiologyApp Store
Google Play
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
Biology
7 Oct 2025
1,369
4 pages
essie @academia_angel
Enzymes are biological catalysts that speed up chemical reactions in living organisms. They play a crucial role in various metabolic processes. This summary explores the structure and function of enzymes,... Show more
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
The induced fit model of enzyme action is an extension of the lock and key theory. This model proposes that the enzyme's active site is more flexible than initially thought.
Definition The induced fit model suggests that the enzyme changes its shape slightly to fit the substrate better during the reaction process.
This model provides a more accurate representation of enzyme-substrate interactions, accounting for the dynamic nature of protein structures.
Temperature significantly impacts enzyme activity. Each enzyme has an optimum temperature at which it functions best.
Vocabulary Optimum temperature is the temperature at which an enzyme functions most efficiently.
Highlight If the temperature exceeds the optimum, the enzyme's shape starts to change, and it becomes denatured, rendering it inactive.
The pH level also plays a crucial role in enzyme activity. Each enzyme has an optimum pH at which it performs most effectively.
Vocabulary Optimum pH is the pH level at which the enzyme functions best.
Highlight If the pH surpasses the optimum level, the enzyme will change shape, slowing down the rate of reaction and potentially becoming denatured.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Understanding how to calculate enzyme reaction rates is crucial in biochemistry and molecular biology. This knowledge allows scientists to quantify enzyme activity and compare the efficiency of different enzymes or the same enzyme under various conditions.
The rate of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction can be calculated using the following formula
Rate of Reaction = Change in Product / Time Taken
Example If an enzyme-controlled reaction produces 30 cm³ of hydrogen gas in 2 minutes, the rate of reaction would be 30 cm³ / 120 seconds = 0.25 cm³/s
When calculating enzyme reaction rates, it's important to use consistent units
Highlight Proper unit conversion is crucial when calculating enzyme reaction rates to ensure accurate results.
Understanding these concepts and calculations is essential for students studying biology, biochemistry, or related fields. It provides a foundation for more advanced studies in enzyme kinetics and metabolic processes.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Enzymes are essential biological catalysts that increase reaction rates without being consumed in the process. They are large proteins composed of amino acids and have specific active sites that bind to substrates.
Definition An enzyme is a biological catalyst that increases the rate of reaction without being changed or used in the process.
Vocabulary
The lock and key theory in enzymes explains how enzymes and substrates interact. This model suggests that the active site of an enzyme has a specific shape that perfectly complements the shape of its substrate, much like a key fits into a lock.
Example The lock and key model process involves
Highlight The enzyme molecule remains unchanged after the reaction and can be reused, making it an efficient catalyst.
Our AI Companion is a student-focused AI tool that offers more than just answers. Built on millions of Knowunity resources, it provides relevant information, personalised study plans, quizzes, and content directly in the chat, adapting to your individual learning journey.
You can download the app from Google Play Store and Apple App Store.
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help – all at your fingertips.
33
Smart Tools NEW
Transform this note into: ✓ 50+ Practice Questions ✓ Interactive Flashcards ✓ Full Mock Exam ✓ Essay Outlines
Explore the essential concepts of bioenergetics, including photosynthesis, cellular respiration, and the factors influencing plant growth. This summary covers the processes of energy transformation in living organisms, the role of light intensity, temperature, and carbon dioxide in photosynthesis, and the significance of aerobic and anaerobic respiration. Ideal for students studying biological life processes and cellular metabolism.
BiologyExplore the intricate processes of photosynthesis, including light-dependent and light-independent reactions, chloroplast structure, and the role of pigments like chlorophyll. This summary covers key concepts such as thylakoids, the Calvin cycle, and the action spectrum, providing a comprehensive overview for A-level Biology students.
Biologyflashcards on b1
BiologyExplore the role of enzymes as biological catalysts in chemical reactions. This summary covers key concepts such as the lock and key model, induced fit model, and the importance of active sites in enzyme specificity. Ideal for students studying biochemistry and cellular processes.
BiologyExplore essential concepts for GCSE AQA Biology Combined Science Paper 1, including diffusion, disease prevention, cell structures, circulatory and digestive systems, and more. This comprehensive mindmap covers vital topics such as communicable diseases, bioenergetics, and plant transport systems, providing a clear overview for effective revision.
BiologyExplore the intricate processes of photosynthesis, including the light-dependent reactions and the Calvin cycle. This detailed summary covers key structures like thylakoids and stroma, the role of chlorophyll, and the conversion of light energy into chemical energy. Ideal for A Level Biology students preparing for exams.
BiologyApp Store
Google Play
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
