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World war two & the holocaust
1l the quest for political stability: germany, 1871-1991
Inter-war germany
2d religious conflict and the church in england, c1529-c1570
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2m wars and welfare: britain in transition, 1906-1957
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Enzymes are biological catalysts that speed up chemical reactions in living organisms. They play a crucial role in various metabolic processes. This summary explores the structure and function of enzymes, including the lock and key theory and induced fit model, as well as factors affecting enzyme activity such as temperature and pH. It also covers how to calculate enzyme reaction rates.
10/01/2023
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Enzymes are essential biological catalysts that increase reaction rates without being consumed in the process. They are large proteins composed of amino acids and have specific active sites that bind to substrates.
Definition: An enzyme is a biological catalyst that increases the rate of reaction without being changed or used in the process.
Vocabulary:
The lock and key theory in enzymes explains how enzymes and substrates interact. This model suggests that the active site of an enzyme has a specific shape that perfectly complements the shape of its substrate, much like a key fits into a lock.
Example: The lock and key model process involves:
Highlight: The enzyme molecule remains unchanged after the reaction and can be reused, making it an efficient catalyst.
Understanding how to calculate enzyme reaction rates is crucial in biochemistry and molecular biology. This knowledge allows scientists to quantify enzyme activity and compare the efficiency of different enzymes or the same enzyme under various conditions.
The rate of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction can be calculated using the following formula:
Rate of Reaction = Change in Product / Time Taken
Example: If an enzyme-controlled reaction produces 30 cm³ of hydrogen gas in 2 minutes, the rate of reaction would be: 30 cm³ / 120 seconds = 0.25 cm³/s
When calculating enzyme reaction rates, it's important to use consistent units:
Highlight: Proper unit conversion is crucial when calculating enzyme reaction rates to ensure accurate results.
Understanding these concepts and calculations is essential for students studying biology, biochemistry, or related fields. It provides a foundation for more advanced studies in enzyme kinetics and metabolic processes.
The induced fit model of enzyme action is an extension of the lock and key theory. This model proposes that the enzyme's active site is more flexible than initially thought.
Definition: The induced fit model suggests that the enzyme changes its shape slightly to fit the substrate better during the reaction process.
This model provides a more accurate representation of enzyme-substrate interactions, accounting for the dynamic nature of protein structures.
Temperature significantly impacts enzyme activity. Each enzyme has an optimum temperature at which it functions best.
Vocabulary: Optimum temperature is the temperature at which an enzyme functions most efficiently.
Highlight: If the temperature exceeds the optimum, the enzyme's shape starts to change, and it becomes denatured, rendering it inactive.
The pH level also plays a crucial role in enzyme activity. Each enzyme has an optimum pH at which it performs most effectively.
Vocabulary: Optimum pH is the pH level at which the enzyme functions best.
Highlight: If the pH surpasses the optimum level, the enzyme will change shape, slowing down the rate of reaction and potentially becoming denatured.
24
524
10/11
Biology GCSE Unit 1 (WJEC)
Notes on each topic for GCSE Biology Unit 1 higher tier (WJEC)
60
1021
11/10
GCSE AQA Biology Specification Notes - Bioenergetics
Detailed GCSE AQA Biology notes made directly from the specification, with all the content that is required to know.
29
2057
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Biogenetics
GCSE AQA Biology paper 1: (HT Triple)
17
281
11
Biology paper two
revision notes on all the topics from paper 2
7
385
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Photosynthesis and The rate of photosynthesis
17
349
12/13
Topic Five A level Biology
A level Edexcel A
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elle
@academia_angel
·
190 Followers
Follow
Enzymes are biological catalysts that speed up chemical reactions in living organisms. They play a crucial role in various metabolic processes. This summary explores the structure and function of enzymes, including the lock and key theory and induced fit model, as well as factors affecting enzyme activity such as temperature and pH. It also covers how to calculate enzyme reaction rates.
Enzymes are essential biological catalysts that increase reaction rates without being consumed in the process. They are large proteins composed of amino acids and have specific active sites that bind to substrates.
Definition: An enzyme is a biological catalyst that increases the rate of reaction without being changed or used in the process.
Vocabulary:
The lock and key theory in enzymes explains how enzymes and substrates interact. This model suggests that the active site of an enzyme has a specific shape that perfectly complements the shape of its substrate, much like a key fits into a lock.
Example: The lock and key model process involves:
Highlight: The enzyme molecule remains unchanged after the reaction and can be reused, making it an efficient catalyst.
Understanding how to calculate enzyme reaction rates is crucial in biochemistry and molecular biology. This knowledge allows scientists to quantify enzyme activity and compare the efficiency of different enzymes or the same enzyme under various conditions.
The rate of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction can be calculated using the following formula:
Rate of Reaction = Change in Product / Time Taken
Example: If an enzyme-controlled reaction produces 30 cm³ of hydrogen gas in 2 minutes, the rate of reaction would be: 30 cm³ / 120 seconds = 0.25 cm³/s
When calculating enzyme reaction rates, it's important to use consistent units:
Highlight: Proper unit conversion is crucial when calculating enzyme reaction rates to ensure accurate results.
Understanding these concepts and calculations is essential for students studying biology, biochemistry, or related fields. It provides a foundation for more advanced studies in enzyme kinetics and metabolic processes.
The induced fit model of enzyme action is an extension of the lock and key theory. This model proposes that the enzyme's active site is more flexible than initially thought.
Definition: The induced fit model suggests that the enzyme changes its shape slightly to fit the substrate better during the reaction process.
This model provides a more accurate representation of enzyme-substrate interactions, accounting for the dynamic nature of protein structures.
Temperature significantly impacts enzyme activity. Each enzyme has an optimum temperature at which it functions best.
Vocabulary: Optimum temperature is the temperature at which an enzyme functions most efficiently.
Highlight: If the temperature exceeds the optimum, the enzyme's shape starts to change, and it becomes denatured, rendering it inactive.
The pH level also plays a crucial role in enzyme activity. Each enzyme has an optimum pH at which it performs most effectively.
Vocabulary: Optimum pH is the pH level at which the enzyme functions best.
Highlight: If the pH surpasses the optimum level, the enzyme will change shape, slowing down the rate of reaction and potentially becoming denatured.
Biology - Biology GCSE Unit 1 (WJEC)
Notes on each topic for GCSE Biology Unit 1 higher tier (WJEC)
24
524
1
Biology - GCSE AQA Biology Specification Notes - Bioenergetics
Detailed GCSE AQA Biology notes made directly from the specification, with all the content that is required to know.
60
1021
0
Biology - Biogenetics
GCSE AQA Biology paper 1: (HT Triple)
29
2057
0
Biology - Biology paper two
revision notes on all the topics from paper 2
17
281
2
Biology - Photosynthesis revision
Photosynthesis and The rate of photosynthesis
7
385
1
Biology - Topic Five A level Biology
A level Edexcel A
17
349
0
Average app rating
Pupils love Knowunity
In education app charts in 12 countries
Students have uploaded notes
iOS User
Philip, iOS User
Lena, iOS user
