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Fun Guide: Animal and Plant Cell Organelles & Cool Specialized Cells

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Will Graham

12/06/2023

Biology

GCSE biology 1.1

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Plant cells

Fun Guide: Animal and Plant Cell Organelles & Cool Specialized Cells

Animal and plant cells are fundamental units of life with distinct structures and functions. This summary explores the key components of both cell types, their specialized adaptations, and the role of enzymes in biological processes.

  • Animal and plant cells share common organelles like the nucleus, mitochondria, and cell membrane
  • Plant cells have unique structures such as chloroplasts, cell walls, and large vacuoles
  • Specialized cells in animals and plants have adapted structures to perform specific functions
  • Enzymes play a crucial role as biological catalysts in cellular reactions
...

12/06/2023

133

Animal Cell /Cell Membrane Cytoplasm Nucleus ~Mitarhondia 10 Chloroplast Plant Cell 000 Valcuck Cellwall /System) Organs Fissue Cells Protei

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Levels of Organization in Living Systems

This page depicts the hierarchical organization of living systems, from cells to organs and organ systems. Cells are the basic units of life, which combine to form tissues. Tissues then organize into organs, which work together as organ systems to perform complex functions in organisms.

Definition: An organ system is a group of organs that work together to perform specific functions in an organism.

Animal Cell /Cell Membrane Cytoplasm Nucleus ~Mitarhondia 10 Chloroplast Plant Cell 000 Valcuck Cellwall /System) Organs Fissue Cells Protei

View

Proteins: Building Blocks of Life

Proteins are essential macromolecules composed of amino acids. They serve various crucial functions in organisms:

  • Antibodies for immune defense
  • Enzymes for catalyzing biochemical reactions
  • Hormones for signaling and regulation
  • Transport proteins like hemoglobin for oxygen delivery

Example: Hemoglobin is a transport protein that carries oxygen to body tissues and returns carbon dioxide to the lungs.

Animal Cell /Cell Membrane Cytoplasm Nucleus ~Mitarhondia 10 Chloroplast Plant Cell 000 Valcuck Cellwall /System) Organs Fissue Cells Protei

View

Enzymes: Biological Catalysts

Enzymes are specialized proteins that act as biological catalysts, speeding up chemical reactions in living organisms. Key features of enzymes include:

  • Specific active sites that bind to particular substrates
  • Ability to accelerate reaction rates
  • Formation of enzyme-substrate complexes during reactions

The diagram illustrates the lock-and-key model of enzyme action, showing how the substrate fits into the enzyme's active site to form products.

Vocabulary: The active site is the region of an enzyme where the substrate binds and the reaction occurs.

Animal Cell /Cell Membrane Cytoplasm Nucleus ~Mitarhondia 10 Chloroplast Plant Cell 000 Valcuck Cellwall /System) Organs Fissue Cells Protei

View

Nucleus and Mitochondria

The nucleus and mitochondria are crucial organelles found in both animal and plant cells:

Nucleus:

  • Controls cell activities
  • Contains DNA geneticmaterialgenetic material
  • Present in both animal and plant cells

Mitochondria:

  • Produce energy through cellular respiration
  • Site of ATP production
  • Found in both animal and plant cells

Highlight: The nucleus is often referred to as the "control center" of the cell, directing all cellular activities.

Animal Cell /Cell Membrane Cytoplasm Nucleus ~Mitarhondia 10 Chloroplast Plant Cell 000 Valcuck Cellwall /System) Organs Fissue Cells Protei

View

Chloroplasts: Photosynthetic Powerhouses

Chloroplasts are unique organelles found only in plant cells. They are essential for photosynthesis, the process by which plants convert light energy into chemical energy. Key features of chloroplasts include:

  • Contain chlorophyll, the green pigment that absorbs light
  • Site of photosynthesis
  • Exclusive to plant cells

Definition: Photosynthesis is the process by which plants use sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide to produce oxygen and energy in the form of sugar.

Animal Cell /Cell Membrane Cytoplasm Nucleus ~Mitarhondia 10 Chloroplast Plant Cell 000 Valcuck Cellwall /System) Organs Fissue Cells Protei

View

Cell Wall and Vacuole: Plant Cell Specializations

Two structures unique to plant cells are the cell wall and the large central vacuole:

Cell Wall:

  • Provides structure and support to the cell
  • Offers protection and is made of cellulose
  • Found only in plant cells

Vacuole:

  • Contains cell sap to maintain cell turgor
  • Helps in storage and waste management
  • Present only in plant cells

Vocabulary: Turgor is the state of fullness or tension in plant cells caused by the pressure of the cell contents against the cell wall.

Animal Cell /Cell Membrane Cytoplasm Nucleus ~Mitarhondia 10 Chloroplast Plant Cell 000 Valcuck Cellwall /System) Organs Fissue Cells Protei

View

Cell Membrane and Cytoplasm

The cell membrane and cytoplasm are essential components of both animal and plant cells:

Cell Membrane:

  • Controls the movement of substances in and out of the cell
  • Present in both animal and plant cells

Cytoplasm:

  • The site for many cellular reactions
  • Found in both animal and plant cells

Highlight: The cell membrane's selective permeability is crucial for maintaining the cell's internal environment.

Animal Cell /Cell Membrane Cytoplasm Nucleus ~Mitarhondia 10 Chloroplast Plant Cell 000 Valcuck Cellwall /System) Organs Fissue Cells Protei

View

Specialized Cells: Adaptations for Specific Functions

Specialized cells are cells that have adapted to perform specific functions within an organism. An example of a specialized cell is the sperm cell, which has adapted for its reproductive function:

  • Long tail for swimming to the egg
  • Head containing enzymes to penetrate the egg

Example: A sperm cell's streamlined shape and powerful tail enable it to navigate through the female reproductive tract to reach and fertilize the egg.

Animal Cell /Cell Membrane Cytoplasm Nucleus ~Mitarhondia 10 Chloroplast Plant Cell 000 Valcuck Cellwall /System) Organs Fissue Cells Protei

View

Leaf Palisade Cell: Adapted for Photosynthesis

Leaf palisade cells are specialized plant cells adapted for efficient photosynthesis:

  • Contain numerous chloroplasts
  • Large vacuole and cellulose cell wall present
  • Arranged to maximize light absorption
  • Rigid structure to support the leaf

Highlight: The high concentration of chloroplasts in palisade cells allows for maximum light capture and photosynthetic efficiency.

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12 Jun 2023

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16 pages

Fun Guide: Animal and Plant Cell Organelles & Cool Specialized Cells

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Will Graham

@willmgraham

Animal and plant cells are fundamental units of life with distinct structures and functions. This summary explores the key components of both cell types, their specialized adaptations, and the role of enzymes in biological processes.

  • Animal and plant cells... Show more

Animal Cell /Cell Membrane Cytoplasm Nucleus ~Mitarhondia 10 Chloroplast Plant Cell 000 Valcuck Cellwall /System) Organs Fissue Cells Protei

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Levels of Organization in Living Systems

This page depicts the hierarchical organization of living systems, from cells to organs and organ systems. Cells are the basic units of life, which combine to form tissues. Tissues then organize into organs, which work together as organ systems to perform complex functions in organisms.

Definition: An organ system is a group of organs that work together to perform specific functions in an organism.

Animal Cell /Cell Membrane Cytoplasm Nucleus ~Mitarhondia 10 Chloroplast Plant Cell 000 Valcuck Cellwall /System) Organs Fissue Cells Protei

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Proteins: Building Blocks of Life

Proteins are essential macromolecules composed of amino acids. They serve various crucial functions in organisms:

  • Antibodies for immune defense
  • Enzymes for catalyzing biochemical reactions
  • Hormones for signaling and regulation
  • Transport proteins like hemoglobin for oxygen delivery

Example: Hemoglobin is a transport protein that carries oxygen to body tissues and returns carbon dioxide to the lungs.

Animal Cell /Cell Membrane Cytoplasm Nucleus ~Mitarhondia 10 Chloroplast Plant Cell 000 Valcuck Cellwall /System) Organs Fissue Cells Protei

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Enzymes: Biological Catalysts

Enzymes are specialized proteins that act as biological catalysts, speeding up chemical reactions in living organisms. Key features of enzymes include:

  • Specific active sites that bind to particular substrates
  • Ability to accelerate reaction rates
  • Formation of enzyme-substrate complexes during reactions

The diagram illustrates the lock-and-key model of enzyme action, showing how the substrate fits into the enzyme's active site to form products.

Vocabulary: The active site is the region of an enzyme where the substrate binds and the reaction occurs.

Animal Cell /Cell Membrane Cytoplasm Nucleus ~Mitarhondia 10 Chloroplast Plant Cell 000 Valcuck Cellwall /System) Organs Fissue Cells Protei

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Nucleus and Mitochondria

The nucleus and mitochondria are crucial organelles found in both animal and plant cells:

Nucleus:

  • Controls cell activities
  • Contains DNA geneticmaterialgenetic material
  • Present in both animal and plant cells

Mitochondria:

  • Produce energy through cellular respiration
  • Site of ATP production
  • Found in both animal and plant cells

Highlight: The nucleus is often referred to as the "control center" of the cell, directing all cellular activities.

Animal Cell /Cell Membrane Cytoplasm Nucleus ~Mitarhondia 10 Chloroplast Plant Cell 000 Valcuck Cellwall /System) Organs Fissue Cells Protei

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Chloroplasts: Photosynthetic Powerhouses

Chloroplasts are unique organelles found only in plant cells. They are essential for photosynthesis, the process by which plants convert light energy into chemical energy. Key features of chloroplasts include:

  • Contain chlorophyll, the green pigment that absorbs light
  • Site of photosynthesis
  • Exclusive to plant cells

Definition: Photosynthesis is the process by which plants use sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide to produce oxygen and energy in the form of sugar.

Animal Cell /Cell Membrane Cytoplasm Nucleus ~Mitarhondia 10 Chloroplast Plant Cell 000 Valcuck Cellwall /System) Organs Fissue Cells Protei

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Cell Wall and Vacuole: Plant Cell Specializations

Two structures unique to plant cells are the cell wall and the large central vacuole:

Cell Wall:

  • Provides structure and support to the cell
  • Offers protection and is made of cellulose
  • Found only in plant cells

Vacuole:

  • Contains cell sap to maintain cell turgor
  • Helps in storage and waste management
  • Present only in plant cells

Vocabulary: Turgor is the state of fullness or tension in plant cells caused by the pressure of the cell contents against the cell wall.

Animal Cell /Cell Membrane Cytoplasm Nucleus ~Mitarhondia 10 Chloroplast Plant Cell 000 Valcuck Cellwall /System) Organs Fissue Cells Protei

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Cell Membrane and Cytoplasm

The cell membrane and cytoplasm are essential components of both animal and plant cells:

Cell Membrane:

  • Controls the movement of substances in and out of the cell
  • Present in both animal and plant cells

Cytoplasm:

  • The site for many cellular reactions
  • Found in both animal and plant cells

Highlight: The cell membrane's selective permeability is crucial for maintaining the cell's internal environment.

Animal Cell /Cell Membrane Cytoplasm Nucleus ~Mitarhondia 10 Chloroplast Plant Cell 000 Valcuck Cellwall /System) Organs Fissue Cells Protei

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Specialized Cells: Adaptations for Specific Functions

Specialized cells are cells that have adapted to perform specific functions within an organism. An example of a specialized cell is the sperm cell, which has adapted for its reproductive function:

  • Long tail for swimming to the egg
  • Head containing enzymes to penetrate the egg

Example: A sperm cell's streamlined shape and powerful tail enable it to navigate through the female reproductive tract to reach and fertilize the egg.

Animal Cell /Cell Membrane Cytoplasm Nucleus ~Mitarhondia 10 Chloroplast Plant Cell 000 Valcuck Cellwall /System) Organs Fissue Cells Protei

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Leaf Palisade Cell: Adapted for Photosynthesis

Leaf palisade cells are specialized plant cells adapted for efficient photosynthesis:

  • Contain numerous chloroplasts
  • Large vacuole and cellulose cell wall present
  • Arranged to maximize light absorption
  • Rigid structure to support the leaf

Highlight: The high concentration of chloroplasts in palisade cells allows for maximum light capture and photosynthetic efficiency.

Animal Cell /Cell Membrane Cytoplasm Nucleus ~Mitarhondia 10 Chloroplast Plant Cell 000 Valcuck Cellwall /System) Organs Fissue Cells Protei

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Nerve Cell: Specialized for Signal Transmission

Nerve cells, or neurons, are specialized for transmitting electrical impulses throughout the body:

  • Long and thin structure with branched ends
  • Connects to other cells to pass on electrical impulses

Vocabulary: Neurons are the basic functional units of the nervous system, responsible for transmitting information as electrical and chemical signals.

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Paul T

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Stefan S

iOS user

This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.

Samantha Klich

Android user

Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.

Anna

iOS user

Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good

Thomas R

iOS user

Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.

Basil

Android user

This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.

David K

iOS user

The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!

Sudenaz Ocak

Android user

In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.

Greenlight Bonnie

Android user

very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.

Rohan U

Android user

I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.

Xander S

iOS user

THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮

Elisha

iOS user

This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now

Paul T

iOS user