Prokaryotic cells are microscopic organisms with genetic material not contained in a nucleus and typically have a single strand of loose DNA. Some prokaryotic cells have an extra capsule layer for protection, while others have a flagella (tail) to help them move. They contain a ring of DNA called a plasmid, for transferring genes. Examples of prokaryotic cells include bacteria.
On the other hand, eukaryotic cells are organisms with the genetic material inside the nucleus. Examples of eukaryotic cells include plant and animal cells. Eukaryotic cells have membrane-bound organelles such as the nucleus, cytoplasm, cell membrane, mitochondria, and cell wall (in plant cells).
Eukaryotic Cell Structure
Eukaryotic cells have a more complex structure compared to prokaryotic cells. They contain membrane-bound organelles that carry out specific functions within the cell. For example, the nucleus controls cell activity, while the mitochondria is the site of aerobic respiration and release of energy. Eukaryotic cells also contain chloroplasts (in plant cells) that contain chlorophyll and absorb light for photosynthesis.
Eukaryotic Cell Function
Eukaryotic cells carry out various functions in living organisms, such as containing genetic material, controlling cell activity, protein synthesis, and energy release through aerobic respiration. They also play a crucial role in photosynthesis in plant cells.
Prokaryotic Cells vs Eukaryotic Cells
One of the main differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells is the presence of a nucleus. Prokaryotic cells do not have a true nucleus, while eukaryotic cells do. This fundamental difference in structure results in various other differences between the two types of cells.
Electron Microscope and Cell Examination
Using a microscope to examine cells is crucial, as cells are very small and require magnification to visualize them. Electron microscopes use beams of electrons instead of light rays, and they have a larger resolution and magnification, revealing smaller structures in cells.
Types of Electron Microscopes
Electron microscopes come in two main types: transmission electron microscopes and scanning electron microscopes. These instruments play a vital role in understanding the structure and function of both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
Specialized Eukaryotic Cells
Eukaryotic cells have specialized forms that perform specific functions in living organisms. For example, sperm cells carry genetic material to the egg, red blood cells transport oxygen around the body, and root hair cells absorb water and minerals from the soil.
Exchange Surfaces and Cell Function
Cells need to move vital substances into and out of themselves. They do this through processes such as diffusion, osmosis, and active transport. Understanding the surface area to volume ratio is crucial in understanding how cells function.
In conclusion, the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells lie in their structure, function, and specialized forms. Understanding these differences is fundamental in the study of cell biology and the functioning of living organisms.
