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Nikita
15/03/2023
Biology
Fertilisation - unit 4 wjec biology a-level
The fertilization process in human reproduction is a complex series of events leading to the formation of a zygote and subsequent embryo development. This summary covers key stages including sperm capacitation, acrosome reaction, cortical reaction, and early embryo development, as well as the formation and functions of the placenta.
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GCSE AQA Biology Puberty & The Menstrual Cycle
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The fertilization process in human reproduction is a complex series of events leading to the formation of a zygote and subsequent embryo development. This summary covers key stages including sperm capacitation, acrosome reaction, cortical reaction, and early embryo development, as... Show more
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The process of fertilization in humans involves several intricate steps, from the meeting of sperm and egg to the formation of a zygote and its subsequent development into an embryo. This page covers the key stages of fertilization, early embryo development, and the formation and functions of the placenta.
The journey begins when spermatozoa swim to the fallopian tube to meet the secondary oocyte. As they travel, sperm undergo capacitation, preparing them for fertilization.
Vocabulary: Capacitation is the process that allows sperm to penetrate and fertilize an egg.
When capacitated sperm reach the oocyte, the acrosome reaction begins:
Highlight: The first sperm to penetrate the zona pellucida fuses its membrane with the oocyte's, incorporating its genetic material.
Immediately after membrane fusion, the cortical reaction occurs to prevent polyspermy:
After fertilization:
Definition: A blastocyst is a structure formed in early embryonic development, consisting of an inner cell mass and a fluid-filled cavity called the blastocele.
The blastocyst embeds in the uterus using trophoblastic villi, which grow into the endometrial layer to form the placenta. This process occurs between days 6-10, after which the woman is considered pregnant.
The placenta is a temporary organ formed from both maternal and fetal tissues. Its key functions include:
Highlight: The placenta's structure, with its chorionic villi, increased surface area, and counter-current flow, allows for efficient exchange of materials between mother and fetus.
Several hormones play crucial roles during pregnancy:
These hormones work together to maintain pregnancy and regulate fetal development.
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This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
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Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
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Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
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This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
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This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
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