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A-Level Biology Enzymes OCR Notes PDF - Easy Exam Questions & Answers

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Poppy Sykes

@poppy_sykes

Enzymes are crucial biological catalysts in A-level Biology, playing a... Show more

Enzymes Key Words energy - activation -collision L>biological catalysts made from proteins (E₂) - enzyme substrate complex <>maximum initial

Enzyme Inhibitors and Cofactors

Enzyme inhibitors play a crucial role in regulating enzyme activity and are important topics in A level biology enzymes OCR notes. There are two main types of inhibitors:

  1. Competitive Inhibitors: These molecules have a similar shape to the substrate and compete for the active site. Their effect is usually reversible and can be overcome by increasing substrate concentration.
  2. Non-Competitive Inhibitors: These bind to a site other than the active site allostericsiteallosteric site. They cause a change in the enzyme's tertiary structure, preventing substrate binding. Their effect cannot be overcome by increasing substrate concentration.

Highlight: Understanding the differences between competitive and non-competitive inhibition is crucial for interpreting enzyme kinetics graphs in OCR A Level Biology Biological Molecules Notes.

Cofactors and coenzymes are non-protein components required by certain enzymes to carry out their catalytic function:

  • Cofactors: Often minerals obtained through diet e.g.,zincincarbonicanhydrasee.g., zinc in carbonic anhydrase.
  • Coenzymes: Derived from vitamins and often transfer atoms or groups between reactions.

Vocabulary:

  • Zymogen or proenzyme: An inactive enzyme precursor that requires activation.
  • Allosteric site: A site on the enzyme, distinct from the active site, where regulatory molecules can bind.

The activation of enzymes can occur through various mechanisms:

  • Cleavage of a bond by another enzyme e.g.,proteasee.g., protease
  • Changes in the environment pHortemperaturepH or temperature
  • Alterations in tertiary structure

Example: Pepsinogen is converted to the active enzyme pepsin in the stomach, demonstrating the concept of enzyme precursor activation.

Understanding enzyme inhibition and regulation is essential for answering questions about enzyme kinetics and temperature effects a level pdf and interpreting experimental data in practical work.

Enzymes Key Words energy - activation -collision L>biological catalysts made from proteins (E₂) - enzyme substrate complex <>maximum initial

Enzyme Characteristics and Mechanisms

Enzymes are biological catalysts made from proteins that play a crucial role in metabolic processes. They catalyze both anabolic and catabolic reactions, allowing them to occur at lower temperatures than would be possible without enzymes.

Definition: Enzymes are globular proteins that act as biological catalysts, accelerating chemical reactions without being consumed in the process.

Key characteristics of enzymes include:

  • They are made from proteins with a specific tertiary structure.
  • They can be intracellular actingwithincellsacting within cells or extracellular releasedfromcellsreleased from cells.
  • They have a narrow functional group and are sensitive to environmental changes.

The mechanism of enzyme action involves:

  1. Collision between enzyme and substrate
  2. Formation of an enzyme-substrate complex
  3. Lowering of activation energy
  4. Production of products and release of the enzyme

Highlight: The induced fit model explains how enzymes interact with substrates. Initial interaction causes changes in the enzyme's tertiary structure, allowing for a better fit with the substrate.

Vocabulary:

  • Activation energy: The initial energy boost needed to kickstart a reaction.
  • Enzyme-substrate complex: The temporary structure formed when an enzyme binds to its substrate.

Factors Affecting Enzyme Action:

  1. Temperature: Increasing temperature generally increases the rate of reaction up to an optimum point. Beyond the optimum temperature, enzymes denature due to breaking of bonds.

Example: The temperature coefficient Q10Q10 measures how the rate of reaction increases with a 10°C rise in temperature. For most enzyme-controlled reactions, Q10 is usually taken as 2, meaning the rate doubles with a 10°C rise.

  1. pH: Enzymes have a narrow optimal pH range. Significant pH changes can denature enzymes by altering their tertiary structure.

Quote: "The more H+ ions present, the less R groups are able to interact with each other -> bonds break -> enzyme shape changes."

Understanding these concepts is crucial for answering OCR A Level Biology enzymes exam questions and interpreting experimental results in practical work.



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This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.

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Elisha

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This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now

Paul T

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The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.

Stefan S

iOS user

This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.

Samantha Klich

Android user

Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.

Anna

iOS user

Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good

Thomas R

iOS user

Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.

Basil

Android user

This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.

David K

iOS user

The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!

Sudenaz Ocak

Android user

In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.

Greenlight Bonnie

Android user

very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.

Rohan U

Android user

I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.

Xander S

iOS user

THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮

Elisha

iOS user

This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now

Paul T

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Subjects

Biology

Biological molecules

Proteins

Factors affecting enzyme activity

 

Biology

•

607

•

28 Feb 2023

•

2 pages

A-Level Biology Enzymes OCR Notes PDF - Easy Exam Questions & Answers

user profile picture

Poppy Sykes

@poppy_sykes

Enzymes are crucial biological catalysts in A-level Biology, playing a vital role in various metabolic processes. This summary explores their characteristics, mechanisms, and factors affecting their activity.

Enzymesare globular proteins that catalyze both anabolic and catabolic reactions. They lower... Show more

Enzymes Key Words energy - activation -collision L>biological catalysts made from proteins (E₂) - enzyme substrate complex <>maximum initial

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Access to all documents

Improve your grades

Join milions of students

By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy

Enzyme Inhibitors and Cofactors

Enzyme inhibitors play a crucial role in regulating enzyme activity and are important topics in A level biology enzymes OCR notes. There are two main types of inhibitors:

  1. Competitive Inhibitors: These molecules have a similar shape to the substrate and compete for the active site. Their effect is usually reversible and can be overcome by increasing substrate concentration.
  2. Non-Competitive Inhibitors: These bind to a site other than the active site allostericsiteallosteric site. They cause a change in the enzyme's tertiary structure, preventing substrate binding. Their effect cannot be overcome by increasing substrate concentration.

Highlight: Understanding the differences between competitive and non-competitive inhibition is crucial for interpreting enzyme kinetics graphs in OCR A Level Biology Biological Molecules Notes.

Cofactors and coenzymes are non-protein components required by certain enzymes to carry out their catalytic function:

  • Cofactors: Often minerals obtained through diet e.g.,zincincarbonicanhydrasee.g., zinc in carbonic anhydrase.
  • Coenzymes: Derived from vitamins and often transfer atoms or groups between reactions.

Vocabulary:

  • Zymogen or proenzyme: An inactive enzyme precursor that requires activation.
  • Allosteric site: A site on the enzyme, distinct from the active site, where regulatory molecules can bind.

The activation of enzymes can occur through various mechanisms:

  • Cleavage of a bond by another enzyme e.g.,proteasee.g., protease
  • Changes in the environment pHortemperaturepH or temperature
  • Alterations in tertiary structure

Example: Pepsinogen is converted to the active enzyme pepsin in the stomach, demonstrating the concept of enzyme precursor activation.

Understanding enzyme inhibition and regulation is essential for answering questions about enzyme kinetics and temperature effects a level pdf and interpreting experimental data in practical work.

Enzymes Key Words energy - activation -collision L>biological catalysts made from proteins (E₂) - enzyme substrate complex <>maximum initial

Sign up to see the contentIt's free!

Access to all documents

Improve your grades

Join milions of students

By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy

Enzyme Characteristics and Mechanisms

Enzymes are biological catalysts made from proteins that play a crucial role in metabolic processes. They catalyze both anabolic and catabolic reactions, allowing them to occur at lower temperatures than would be possible without enzymes.

Definition: Enzymes are globular proteins that act as biological catalysts, accelerating chemical reactions without being consumed in the process.

Key characteristics of enzymes include:

  • They are made from proteins with a specific tertiary structure.
  • They can be intracellular actingwithincellsacting within cells or extracellular releasedfromcellsreleased from cells.
  • They have a narrow functional group and are sensitive to environmental changes.

The mechanism of enzyme action involves:

  1. Collision between enzyme and substrate
  2. Formation of an enzyme-substrate complex
  3. Lowering of activation energy
  4. Production of products and release of the enzyme

Highlight: The induced fit model explains how enzymes interact with substrates. Initial interaction causes changes in the enzyme's tertiary structure, allowing for a better fit with the substrate.

Vocabulary:

  • Activation energy: The initial energy boost needed to kickstart a reaction.
  • Enzyme-substrate complex: The temporary structure formed when an enzyme binds to its substrate.

Factors Affecting Enzyme Action:

  1. Temperature: Increasing temperature generally increases the rate of reaction up to an optimum point. Beyond the optimum temperature, enzymes denature due to breaking of bonds.

Example: The temperature coefficient Q10Q10 measures how the rate of reaction increases with a 10°C rise in temperature. For most enzyme-controlled reactions, Q10 is usually taken as 2, meaning the rate doubles with a 10°C rise.

  1. pH: Enzymes have a narrow optimal pH range. Significant pH changes can denature enzymes by altering their tertiary structure.

Quote: "The more H+ ions present, the less R groups are able to interact with each other -> bonds break -> enzyme shape changes."

Understanding these concepts is crucial for answering OCR A Level Biology enzymes exam questions and interpreting experimental results in practical work.

Can't find what you're looking for? Explore other subjects.

Students love us — and so will you.

4.9/5

App Store

4.8/5

Google Play

The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.

Stefan S

iOS user

This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.

Samantha Klich

Android user

Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.

Anna

iOS user

Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good

Thomas R

iOS user

Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.

Basil

Android user

This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.

David K

iOS user

The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!

Sudenaz Ocak

Android user

In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.

Greenlight Bonnie

Android user

very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.

Rohan U

Android user

I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.

Xander S

iOS user

THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮

Elisha

iOS user

This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now

Paul T

iOS user

The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.

Stefan S

iOS user

This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.

Samantha Klich

Android user

Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.

Anna

iOS user

Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good

Thomas R

iOS user

Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.

Basil

Android user

This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.

David K

iOS user

The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!

Sudenaz Ocak

Android user

In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.

Greenlight Bonnie

Android user

very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.

Rohan U

Android user

I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.

Xander S

iOS user

THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮

Elisha

iOS user

This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now

Paul T

iOS user