Post-Transcriptional and Post-Translational Modifications

Post-transcriptional modifications are crucial in refining gene expression control. These modifications occur after the initial transcription of DNA into RNA and include:

1. RNA splicing: Removal of introns and joining of exons
2. Addition of 5' cap: Occurs as new RNA leaves the RNA polymerase
3. Addition of 3' polyadenylation: Adds a chain of adenine molecules to the 3' end

Definition: RNA splicing is the process of removing introns and joining exons to produce mature mRNA.

The 5' cap and 3' poly(A) tail serve important functions:

• They help prevent endonuclease activity on the RNA
• Encourage translation
• Prevent RNA degradation

Post-translational modifications also play a significant role in gene expression control. One of the most important post-translational adaptations is phosphorylation.

Highlight: Phosphorylation activates or deactivates nearly half of all enzymes, making it a crucial mechanism for regulating protein function.

For example, cAMP activates an enzyme called PKA (Protein Kinase A), which in turn activates other enzymes by adding a phosphate group. This process is involved in various cellular functions, including:

• Enzymes in glycogenolysis
• Enzymes promoting cardiac muscle contraction

Example: The activation of PKA by cAMP demonstrates how post-translational modifications can create a cascade of effects, amplifying the initial signal and leading to significant changes in cellular function.

These various levels of control – transcriptional, post-transcriptional, and post-translational – allow for precise regulation of gene expression, enabling cells to respond efficiently to their environment and maintain proper function.

Control of Genetic Expression at Transcription Levels

Regulation of gene expression is a fundamental process in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. All cells carry the same genes, but not all genes are expressed in every cell. This differential gene expression is controlled at both transcriptional and translational levels.

Transcription factors play a crucial role in controlling gene expression. These proteins bind to DNA and can switch genes on or off by altering the rate of transcription. An increase in transcription leads to increased mRNA production, which in turn results in increased protein production.

Vocabulary: Transcription factors are proteins made by regulatory genes that bind to specific DNA sequences to control gene expression.

The structure of genes includes both coding regions (exons) and non-coding regions (introns). At the start of each gene, there is a promoter region, which contains a sequence called the TATA box.

Definition: The TATA box is a binding site near the start of the promoter sequence where transcription factors can attach.

In eukaryotes, transcription factors bind to specific DNA sites near the start of their target genes. In prokaryotes, gene expression control often involves transcription factors binding to operons.

Highlight: The difference in gene expression control between eukaryotes and prokaryotes reflects their different cellular organizations and needs.