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Infection and response
Organisation
Cell biology
Biological molecules
Homeostasis and response
Responding to change (a2 only)
Energy transfers (a2 only)
The control of gene expression (a-level only)
Substance exchange
Bioenergetics
Genetic information & variation
Inheritance, variation and evolution
Genetics & ecosystems (a2 only)
Ecology
Cells
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1f industrialisation and the people: britain, c1783-1885
1c the tudors: england, 1485-1603
Britain & the wider world: 1745 -1901
Inter-war germany
World war one
2n revolution and dictatorship: russia, 1917-1953
World war two & the holocaust
1l the quest for political stability: germany, 1871-1991
The cold war
2j america: a nation divided, c1845-1877
Medieval period: 1066 -1509
The fight for female suffrage
2m wars and welfare: britain in transition, 1906-1957
2d religious conflict and the church in england, c1529-c1570
Britain: 1509 -1745
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08/08/2023
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Symptoms: Fever Red skin - Spread: May cause: - - Inhalation of droplets from coughs and sneezes, air droplet particles Blindness Measles Brain damage No treatment: This means that a person needs to be isolated to stop the spread of the virus There is a vaccine that prevents the spread of measles 00 20 O fever fatigue headache sore throat swollen lymph glands short-term nausea muscular aches and pain rosh والا Symptoms: Spread: - HIV/AIDS Flu-like illness Directly though sexual conact and body fluids Hides inside the immune system, until the system is so badly damaged that it can no longer deal with the infections/cancers. No treatment: No cure but antiretroviral drugs can be used to prevent the development of AIDS for many years There is a no vaccine that prevents the spread of HIV/AIDS Copyright APS Symptoms: Spread: - Tobacco Mosaic Virus - Causes distinctive 'mosaic' pattern of discoloration (as the virus destroys the cells) Contact between diseased plant material and healthy plants Insects can act as vectors May cause: No growth in the plant as the infected areas cannot photosynthesis No treatment: The virus can remain infectious in plants for about 50 years. Farmers now grow TMV- resistant strains of many crop plants Good crop hygiene and good pest control can help prevent the spread of TMV m Symptoms: develop within 8-72 hours of eating infected food Fever - - Salmonella Food Poisoning - Abdominal cramps Vomiting Diarrhoea Spread: Eating food where bacteria has not been killed by heating How it works? The bacteria get into our bodies and disrupt the natural gut bacteria No treatment once eaten, there are no antibiotics prescribed May cause: Dehydration in eldery and very young people Poultry (in the UK) is vaccinated against Salmonella to control the spread of the disease Gonorrhea Common Symptoms verywell Men penile vaginal discharge discharge burning/painful urination Women testicular swelling burning/painful urination Weeding between periods Gonorrhoea Symptoms: (which aren't that common) - - Green/yellow discharge Pain on urination Spread: Unprotected sexual contact with an infected person May cause: - - Pelvic pain Infertility Ectopic pregnancies As it is a bacterial infection...
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it can be treated by antibiotics. However, there are antibiotic resistant strains of gonorrhoea There is no vaccine to prevent the spread of gonorrhoea, a barrier method may be used instead Bacterial Disease in Plants Symptoms: Agrobacterium tumefaciens Crown galls (a mass of unspecialised cells that often grow at the joint between the root and the shoot in the infect plant) Usually found in tropical and sub-tropical regions. Bacteria inserts plasmids into the plant cells and cause a mass of new undifferentiated genetically modified cells to grow. These bacteria have become a key tool for scientists when genetically modifying plants. Scientists make use of the way the bacteria naturally infect plant cells and give them new added genes. They manipulate the bacteria so they carry desirable genes into the cells they infect Fungal Diseases Symptoms: Irritation. Scaly skin. Redness. Itching. Swelling. When fatal they attack the lungs or brains of people who already feel ill. Damaged heart valves can also develop fungal infections Treatment: Antifungal drugs are usually effective against the skin fungi. It is harder to treat deep-seated tissue infections In Plants: - Common Crops lost from fungal infections, including stem rusts and various rotting diseases Symptoms: - Rose Black Spot Purple or black spots on the leaves Spread: in the environment carried by the wind. Spread over the plant after it rains in drips of water that splash from one leaf or plant to another. Spores stay dormant over winter on dead leaves and on the stem Leaves turn yellow and drop early Causes: Weakness in the plant as it reduces the are of leaves available for photosynthesis. Plant does not flower wll Treatment: Prevent the spread by removing and burning affected leaves and stems Chemical fungicides can treat the disease and prevent it spreading. Types of roses have been bred that are relatively resistant to black spot but the disease still cannot be prevented or cured. 5 μm Protists are a type of single-celled organism that cause a range of diseases in animals and plants. Disease caused by Protists Disease caused by protists usually involve a vector that transfers the protist to the host. An example of a serious protist disease is malaria Relatively rare pathogens but the diseases they cause are serious and damaging. Affect the: Liver Damage red blood cells - Causes: Fever - Shaking when the protists burst out of the blood cells Weakens affected person over time Caused by protist pathogens that are parasites - live and feed on other living organisms. Life cycle of protists includes time in human body and time in the body of a female Anopheles mosquito. Protists reproduce sexually in the mosquito and asexually in the human body. The mosquitoes act as vectors of the disease. Female mosquito needs two meals of human blood before she can lay her eggs (this is when the protists are passed into the human bloodstream. The protists travel around the body in the circulatory system. Malaria Treated using a combination of drugs, not always available in the countries most affected. Protists have become resistant to some of the most commonly used medicines. Treated by targeting the mosquito vector: Insecticide-impregnated insect nets to prevent mosquitoes biting humans - Insecticides to kill mosquitoes in homes and offices Preventing the vectors from breeding by removing standing water and spraying water with insecticides to kill larvae Travellers take antimalarial drugs that kill the parasites in the blood if they are bitten