Genetics and Inheritance
Genetics is the study of how characteristics pass from parent to offspring. Each gene can have different forms called alleles.
Key Genetic Terms:
- Homozygous: Both alleles are the same
- Heterozygous: Alleles are different
- Genotype: Paired symbols showing allele arrangement
- Phenotype: Outward appearance of an individual
- Dominant: Allele that overrides the recessive allele in heterozygous condition
- Recessive: Allele that only shows in homozygous recessive condition
Example: In a heterozygous individual Rr, the dominant allele R will determine the phenotype.
Gregor Mendel's Contributions:
- Conducted experiments on pea plants
- Discovered that traits are determined by factors genes
- Understood that factors can have different forms alleles
- Developed understanding of monohybrid ratios
Sex-Linked Inheritance:
- Y chromosome has fewer genes than X chromosome
- Recessive alleles on X chromosome can be expressed in males
- Females can be carriers of sex-linked traits
Genetic Screening and Engineering:
Genetic screening involves testing for harmful alleles and abnormalities.
Example: Amniocentesis is a method of genetic screening that involves taking fetal cells from the amnion for testing.
Genetic engineering involves modifying an organism's genome to introduce desirable characteristics.
Example: Bacteria cells are modified to produce human insulin through genetic engineering.
Advantages of genetic engineering:
- Increased availability of important proteins like insulin
- More effective treatments
- Reduced risk of allergies and cross-species virus transmission
Ethical considerations:
- Unborn child's rights
- Religious and cultural concerns
- Privacy of genetic information
- Cost of treatment vs. testing
This comprehensive guide provides a solid foundation for understanding DNA, genes, and chromosomes in GCSE Biology, as well as their role in inheritance, variation, and genetic engineering.