what are examples of coordination centres?

the regulation of the conditions inside your body to maintain a stable internal environment, in response to internal and external changes

receptors, coordination centres and effectors

what three main components are automatic control systems made up of?

an automatic way of maintaining stable levels (counteracting change)

receptor detects a stimulus, coordination centre receives+processes information to organise a response, effector produces a response which counteracts the change

central nervous system, sensory neurones, motor neurones, effectors

what are the 4 parts of the nervous system?

the brain and the spinal cord. connected to the body by sensory and motor neurones

carry information as electrical impulses from receptors to the CNS

carry electrical impulses from the CNS to effectors

all your muscles/ glands. they respond to nervous mpulses

muscles contract, glands secrete hormones

how do muscles and glands respond to nervous impulses?

the connection between neurones, where nerve signals are transferred by chemicals (diffusion)

rapid, automatic responses to stimuli that dont involve the conscious part of the brain

stimulus detected by receptors, impulses sent along sensory neurone to CNS, reaches synapse which releases chemicals causing impulses sent along relay neurone, same happen fror synapse to motor neurone, impulses travel to effector, which responds

what are two ways of measuring reaction time?

more accurate and precise, remove possibility of human error, with ruler drop the catcher may learn to anticipate drop 

what are benefits to measuring reaction time with a computer?

chemical molecules released into the blood , only affecting target organs

control things that need constant adjustment, secreted by glands (endocrine glands)

what do hormones control and where are they produced from?

in the throat, produces thyroxine, regulates metabolism rate, heart rate and temperature

where is the thyroid and what does it do?

testosterone, which controls puberty and sperm production

insulin, which regulates the blood glucose level

nerves are very fast, act for a short time and act on a precise area,   hormones as slower, act for a longer time in a more general way

what are the key differences between nerves and hormones?

fight or flight hormone released from adrenal glands, released in response to scary/stressful situations, increases oxygen and glucose supply

released from thyroid gland, regulates basal metabolic rate, stimulates protein synthesis in response to thyroid stimulating hormone 

a negative feedback cycle, involving insulin and glucagon

what is added if blood glucose level is too high/low?

insulin secreted by pancreas, glucose moves from blood into liver and muscle cells, where insulin causes the liver to convert glucose to glycogen

explain the negative feedback process if blood glucose levels are too high

glucagon is secreted by the pancreas, glucose released into blood by liver, as glucagon makes liver turn glycogen into glucose

explain the process of negative feedback when blood glucose levels are too low

a condition that affects your ability to control your blood sugar level

where little or no insulin is made, meaning their blood glucose rises

insulin therapy, limiting simple carbohydrate intake, regular exercise

insulin resistance, where the body becomes resistant to its own insulin, causing blood sugar level to rise

obesity, treated by a carbohydrate controlled diet and getting regular exercise

what is a major risk factor for type 2 diabetes, and how can it be treated?

1- uterus lining breaks down, 2- (4-14) lining builds up again ready to receive fertilised egg, 3- egg develops and is released (ovulation), 4-wall maintained for 14 days

what happens in each stage of the menstrual cycle?

causes an egg to mature in a follicle, stimulates oestrogen production

what does follicle stimulating hormone do?

causes the uterus lining to grow, stimulates LH release and inhibits FSH

stimulates the release of an egg on day 14

maintain the uterus lining by the remains of the follicle, inhibits LH and FSH release

pituitary- FSH and LH   ovaries- oestrogen and progesterone 

which two hormones in the menstrual cycle are produced in the pituitary gland, and which two in the overies?

oestrogen to prevent ovulation, as if taken everyday it can inhibit FSH and egg development stops, progesterone also produces mucus which prevents sperm reaching an egg, the pill, contraceptive patch, implant, injection, IUD 

how can hormones be used to reduce fertility?

condoms prevent sperm entering the vagina, diaphragm (used with spermicide) 

sterilisation- cutting/tying the fallopian tubes/sperm duct (permanent), "natural methods", abstinence

FSH and LH given as a drug to stimulate ovulation, but doesnt always work, and can cause multiple pregnancies

how can hormones be used to increase fertility? 

in vitro fertilisation- collecting eggs and fertilising them in a lab, sometimes sperm injected directly into egg, and embryos transferred back into the womans uterus

can cause multiple births (higher risk of still birth/ miscarriage), stressful and upsetting as success rate is low, strong side effects and very expensive

unethical because each embryo that is unused is destroyed (potential human life), genetic testing can lead to preferred characteristics

English (UK)

Flashcard

United Kingdom

Holly :)

DEFAULT (England)

Biology

B5- Homeostasis and response

A-Level Sociology: Education. So these notes have all the sociologists studies that are also part of methods in context, I just haven't covered research methods here :)

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I want to say thank you to everyone who's been so patient while i finished these notes- I got so many message asking if i had full topic notes for this unit so I'm glad to hear my work is helping people :)

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aqa higher tier combined science -  biology b1 : cell biology, paper 1

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Notes for Biology paper 1 contains the full course for AQA higher combined!

Summary

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Flashcards on the different functions of subcellular structures: cell membrane, nucleus, mitochondria, ribosomes, cytoplasm, permant vacuole, chloroplasts and cell wall.

Libby

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