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Britain & the wider world: 1745 -1901
2d religious conflict and the church in england, c1529-c1570
Medieval period: 1066 -1509
1l the quest for political stability: germany, 1871-1991
1f industrialisation and the people: britain, c1783-1885
The cold war
1c the tudors: england, 1485-1603
Inter-war germany
2m wars and welfare: britain in transition, 1906-1957
2j america: a nation divided, c1845-1877
World war two & the holocaust
2n revolution and dictatorship: russia, 1917-1953
2s the making of modern britain, 1951-2007
World war one
Britain: 1509 -1745
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Biology
8 Oct 2025
598
3 pages
Jenniii @jennih_gtxv
The cell is the basic unit of life, with different types exhibiting unique structures and functions. This summary... Show more
This page delves into the concept of cell specialization and examines specific examples of specialized cells in animals and plants.
Definition Cell differentiation is the process by which a cell changes to become specialized for a particular function.
Sperm Cell Sperm cells are highly specialized for fertilization. They consist of a head containing the nucleus with 23 chromosomes, a mid-piece with mitochondria for energy production, and a tail for motility.
Highlight The acrosome in the sperm cell head contains enzymes that help penetrate the egg during fertilization.
Nerve Cell (Neuron) Neurons are specialized cells of the nervous system, designed to carry electrical impulses throughout the body. They have a unique structure including
Vocabulary The nodes of Ranvier are gaps in the myelin sheath that allow for saltatory conduction, increasing the speed of nerve impulses.
Muscle Cell Muscle cells are adapted for movement and contraction. They contain protein filaments that enable shortening and lengthening, and numerous mitochondria to provide energy for contraction.
Example When you flex your bicep, thousands of muscle cells are contracting simultaneously to produce the movement.
This page focuses on specialized plant cells, specifically root hair cells, and animal red blood cells, highlighting their unique adaptations for specific functions.
Root Hair Cell Root hair cells are specialized plant cells found in the roots, adapted for efficient water and nutrient absorption from the soil. Key features include
Highlight The increased surface area of root hair cells allows for more efficient water and nutrient uptake, crucial for plant growth and survival.
Red Blood Cells Red blood cells, or erythrocytes, are highly specialized cells in the circulatory system of animals. Their unique features include
Vocabulary Hemoglobin is an iron-containing protein in red blood cells that binds to oxygen and gives blood its red color.
Example A single drop of blood contains millions of red blood cells, each capable of carrying oxygen to tissues throughout the body.
These specialized cells demonstrate how cellular structure is intimately linked to function, showcasing the remarkable adaptations that have evolved in both plant and animal kingdoms to perform specific roles essential for life processes.
This page provides an overview of the structures and functions of animal, plant, and bacterial cells, highlighting their similarities and differences.
Highlight The main difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells is their complexity and the presence of membrane-bound organelles.
Animal Cell Structure Animal cells contain various organelles, including a nucleus, cell membrane, cytoplasm, mitochondria, and ribosomes. These components work together to maintain cellular functions.
Plant Cell Structure Plant cells share many similarities with animal cells but also have unique features such as a cell wall, chloroplasts, and a large central vacuole.
Vocabulary Chloroplasts are organelles found in plant cells that are responsible for photosynthesis.
Bacterial Cell Structure Bacterial cells are simpler than eukaryotic cells, lacking membrane-bound organelles. They have a cell wall, plasma membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes, and a nucleoid region containing DNA.
Example Bacterial cells may have additional structures like flagella for movement or a capsule for protection.
Key Functions of Cell Components
Definition Prokaryotic cells are simpler, single-celled organisms like bacteria, while eukaryotic cells are more complex and include animal and plant cells.
Our AI Companion is a student-focused AI tool that offers more than just answers. Built on millions of Knowunity resources, it provides relevant information, personalised study plans, quizzes, and content directly in the chat, adapting to your individual learning journey.
You can download the app from Google Play Store and Apple App Store.
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help – all at your fingertips.
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Transform this note into: ✓ 50+ Practice Questions ✓ Interactive Flashcards ✓ Full Mock Exam ✓ Essay Outlines
diffusion +osmosis, plant cell+animal cell, microscopy, transport in cells,
BiologyExplore the fundamental concepts of cell biology, including cell structure, function, and specialization. This summary covers key topics such as prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, specialized animal and plant cells, binary fission, and microscopy techniques. Ideal for students preparing for exams or seeking a comprehensive overview of cellular processes.
BiologyExplore the key concepts of specialised cells, including nerve, muscle, and plant cells, their structures, and functions. Understand the processes of mitosis, cell division, and the role of stem cells in growth and regeneration. This summary covers essential topics for GCSE AQA Biology Paper 1, including the circulatory system, blood components, and plant transport systems.
BiologyExplore the mechanisms of transport across cell membranes, including active transport, passive transport, diffusion, and osmosis. This summary covers key concepts such as selective permeability and provides examples of substances involved in these processes. Ideal for students studying cell biology.
BiologyExplore key concepts in GCSE Edexcel Biology, including the structure and function of plant and animal cells, specialized cells for digestion and reproduction, enzyme action and nutrition, and methods for testing food substances. This summary covers essential topics such as microscopy, cellular transport, and the role of enzymes in biological processes.
BiologyExplore the key processes of osmosis, diffusion, and active transport in cellular biology. Understand how water and solutes move across cell membranes, the factors influencing these processes, and their significance in maintaining cellular health. This summary covers essential concepts, including concentration gradients, membrane permeability, and the role of transport proteins.
BiologyApp Store
Google Play
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
Biology
8 Oct 2025
598
3 pages
Jenniii @jennih_gtxv
The cell is the basic unit of life, with different types exhibiting unique structures and functions. This summary explores animal, plant, and bacterial cells, highlighting their key components and specializations.... Show more
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
This page delves into the concept of cell specialization and examines specific examples of specialized cells in animals and plants.
Definition Cell differentiation is the process by which a cell changes to become specialized for a particular function.
Sperm Cell Sperm cells are highly specialized for fertilization. They consist of a head containing the nucleus with 23 chromosomes, a mid-piece with mitochondria for energy production, and a tail for motility.
Highlight The acrosome in the sperm cell head contains enzymes that help penetrate the egg during fertilization.
Nerve Cell (Neuron) Neurons are specialized cells of the nervous system, designed to carry electrical impulses throughout the body. They have a unique structure including
Vocabulary The nodes of Ranvier are gaps in the myelin sheath that allow for saltatory conduction, increasing the speed of nerve impulses.
Muscle Cell Muscle cells are adapted for movement and contraction. They contain protein filaments that enable shortening and lengthening, and numerous mitochondria to provide energy for contraction.
Example When you flex your bicep, thousands of muscle cells are contracting simultaneously to produce the movement.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
This page focuses on specialized plant cells, specifically root hair cells, and animal red blood cells, highlighting their unique adaptations for specific functions.
Root Hair Cell Root hair cells are specialized plant cells found in the roots, adapted for efficient water and nutrient absorption from the soil. Key features include
Highlight The increased surface area of root hair cells allows for more efficient water and nutrient uptake, crucial for plant growth and survival.
Red Blood Cells Red blood cells, or erythrocytes, are highly specialized cells in the circulatory system of animals. Their unique features include
Vocabulary Hemoglobin is an iron-containing protein in red blood cells that binds to oxygen and gives blood its red color.
Example A single drop of blood contains millions of red blood cells, each capable of carrying oxygen to tissues throughout the body.
These specialized cells demonstrate how cellular structure is intimately linked to function, showcasing the remarkable adaptations that have evolved in both plant and animal kingdoms to perform specific roles essential for life processes.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
This page provides an overview of the structures and functions of animal, plant, and bacterial cells, highlighting their similarities and differences.
Highlight The main difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells is their complexity and the presence of membrane-bound organelles.
Animal Cell Structure Animal cells contain various organelles, including a nucleus, cell membrane, cytoplasm, mitochondria, and ribosomes. These components work together to maintain cellular functions.
Plant Cell Structure Plant cells share many similarities with animal cells but also have unique features such as a cell wall, chloroplasts, and a large central vacuole.
Vocabulary Chloroplasts are organelles found in plant cells that are responsible for photosynthesis.
Bacterial Cell Structure Bacterial cells are simpler than eukaryotic cells, lacking membrane-bound organelles. They have a cell wall, plasma membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes, and a nucleoid region containing DNA.
Example Bacterial cells may have additional structures like flagella for movement or a capsule for protection.
Key Functions of Cell Components
Definition Prokaryotic cells are simpler, single-celled organisms like bacteria, while eukaryotic cells are more complex and include animal and plant cells.
Our AI Companion is a student-focused AI tool that offers more than just answers. Built on millions of Knowunity resources, it provides relevant information, personalised study plans, quizzes, and content directly in the chat, adapting to your individual learning journey.
You can download the app from Google Play Store and Apple App Store.
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help – all at your fingertips.
14
Smart Tools NEW
Transform this note into: ✓ 50+ Practice Questions ✓ Interactive Flashcards ✓ Full Mock Exam ✓ Essay Outlines
diffusion +osmosis, plant cell+animal cell, microscopy, transport in cells,
BiologyExplore the fundamental concepts of cell biology, including cell structure, function, and specialization. This summary covers key topics such as prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, specialized animal and plant cells, binary fission, and microscopy techniques. Ideal for students preparing for exams or seeking a comprehensive overview of cellular processes.
BiologyExplore the key concepts of specialised cells, including nerve, muscle, and plant cells, their structures, and functions. Understand the processes of mitosis, cell division, and the role of stem cells in growth and regeneration. This summary covers essential topics for GCSE AQA Biology Paper 1, including the circulatory system, blood components, and plant transport systems.
BiologyExplore the mechanisms of transport across cell membranes, including active transport, passive transport, diffusion, and osmosis. This summary covers key concepts such as selective permeability and provides examples of substances involved in these processes. Ideal for students studying cell biology.
BiologyExplore key concepts in GCSE Edexcel Biology, including the structure and function of plant and animal cells, specialized cells for digestion and reproduction, enzyme action and nutrition, and methods for testing food substances. This summary covers essential topics such as microscopy, cellular transport, and the role of enzymes in biological processes.
BiologyExplore the key processes of osmosis, diffusion, and active transport in cellular biology. Understand how water and solutes move across cell membranes, the factors influencing these processes, and their significance in maintaining cellular health. This summary covers essential concepts, including concentration gradients, membrane permeability, and the role of transport proteins.
BiologyApp Store
Google Play
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
