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Learn About Specialised Cells and Photosynthesis in A Level Biology OCR-A

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Lena

07/01/2023

Biology

2.1.6 cell division, diversity and organisation - A level Biology OCR-A

Learn About Specialised Cells and Photosynthesis in A Level Biology OCR-A

Specialised cells in biology are crucial for various functions in living organisms. This overview covers key types of specialised animal and plant cells, their structures, and functions. It also explores stem cells, their types, and the cell cycle.

  • Specialised animal cells include red blood cells, white blood cells, sperm cells, and epithelial cells
  • Specialised plant cells include palisade cells, root hair cells, and guard cells
  • Stem cells are categorized into adult and embryonic types in humans, and meristem cells in plants
  • The cell cycle consists of distinct phases and is regulated by checkpoints
  • Mitosis and stem cell applications in medicine and research are briefly mentioned
...

07/01/2023

669

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Biology

669

7 Jan 2023

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Learn About Specialised Cells and Photosynthesis in A Level Biology OCR-A

L

Lena

@lena_fyta

Specialised cells in biology are crucial for various functions in living organisms. This overview covers key types of specialised animal and plant cells, their structures, and functions. It also explores stem cells, their types, and the cell cycle.

  • Specialised animal... Show more
SPECIALISED ANIMAL CELLS
Red
Blood
fett
Neutrophil
(white
blood
sperm
lell
spermatoza)
ciliated
Epithelial
cells
squamous
Epithelial
cells
c

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Specialised Animal and Plant Cells

This page provides an overview of various specialised cells found in animals and plants, highlighting their unique structures and functions.

Specialised Animal Cells:

  1. Red Blood Cells: These bi-concave cells carry oxygen around the body through the bloodstream.

Highlight: Red blood cells have a high surface area to volume ratio for efficient gas diffusion.

  1. Neutrophils (White Blood Cells): These cells ingest invading pathogens as part of the immune response.

Vocabulary: Phagocytosis - the process by which cells engulf and destroy foreign particles or microorganisms.

  1. Sperm Cells: These cells carry genetic information from the father and fertilize the egg cell.

Example: Sperm cells have many mitochondria to provide energy for swimming.

  1. Ciliated Epithelial Cells: These cells line certain structures within the body, such as airways, and move substances like mucus.

  2. Squamous Epithelial Cells: These flat, thin cells line certain structures within the body, such as the intestine, and allow for efficient substance transportation.

Specialised Plant Cells:

  1. Palisade Cells: Found at the top and bottom of plant structures, these cells are responsible for photosynthesis.

Definition: Photosynthesis is the process by which plants use sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide to produce oxygen and energy in the form of sugar.

  1. Root Hair Cells: Located in plant roots, these cells absorb water and minerals from the soil.

Highlight: Root hair cells have hair-like projections to increase surface area for absorption.

  1. Guard Cells: Found at the bottom of leaves near stomata, these cells control the opening and closing of stomata for gas exchange and water regulation.

Vocabulary: Stomata - tiny pores in plant leaves that allow for gas exchange.

The page also includes information on stem cells and their types:

  1. Adult Stem Cells: Found in bone marrow, brain, and muscle, these cells act as a repair system.
  2. Embryonic Stem Cells: Undifferentiated cells from embryos that can create a whole organism.
  3. Plant Stem Cells: Located in the meristem of roots and shoots, these cells can differentiate into any plant cell type.
  4. Cambium Meristem Cells: Found in the center of plants, especially trees, these cells differentiate into xylem and phloem cells.

Lastly, the page covers the stages of the cell cycle and its regulation through checkpoints:

  1. G₁ Phase: Cell growth and preparation for DNA replication
  2. S Phase: DNA replication
  3. G₂ Phase: Further growth and preparation for cell division
  4. M Phase: Mitosis and cytokinesis

Highlight: The cell cycle is regulated by checkpoints at G₁, G₂, and M phases to ensure proper cell division.

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This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.

David K

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Greenlight Bonnie

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very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.

Rohan U

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Xander S

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Elisha

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This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now

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