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Understanding Cells and Membrane Transportation

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sophie evans

30/11/2025

Biology

1.1 Cells And Movement Across Membranes

51

30 Nov 2025

14 pages

Understanding Cells and Membrane Transportation

S

sophie evans

@sophieevans_aidy

Cells are the building blocks of all living things, and... Show more

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Cells and Movement Across Cell Membranes
Plant and Animal Cells
Every organism, except viruses, contains one or more cells.
The size of the

Plant and Animal Cells

Your body contains roughly 35 trillion cells, but they're not all the same! Plant cells and animal cells have key differences that you need to know for your exams.

Plant cells have three special features that animal cells don't: a cell wall made of cellulose for support, chloroplasts for photosynthesis, and a large permanent vacuole filled with cell sap. Both types of cells share some common parts though.

The cell membrane acts like a bouncer, controlling what enters and leaves the cell. The nucleus is the control centre containing chromosomes with genetic information. Cytoplasm is where most chemical reactions happen, whilst mitochondria are the powerhouses where aerobic respiration occurs.

Key Tip: Remember that the size of an organism depends on the number of cells, not their size - so elephants don't have bigger cells than mice, just more of them!

Cells and Movement Across Cell Membranes
Plant and Animal Cells
Every organism, except viruses, contains one or more cells.
The size of the

Examining Cells Under a Microscope

You'll need to know how to prepare cheek cells and onion cells for microscopy - these are common practical exam questions!

For cheek cells, use methylene blue stain on a glass slide, gently rub your cheek with a cotton bud, then wipe it in the stain. Cover with a coverslip and examine under the light microscope. For onion cells, peel a thin layer of epidermis, add iodine solution, and follow the same coverslip procedure.

Calculating magnification is straightforward once you know the formula. Measure the image length, convert millimetres to micrometres (multiply by 1000), then divide by the real length. For example: if your drawing is 47mm and the real length is 42μm, the magnification is 47,000 ÷ 42 = ×1119.

Exam Hack: Always show your working for magnification calculations - even if your final answer is wrong, you can still pick up marks for the method!

Cells and Movement Across Cell Membranes
Plant and Animal Cells
Every organism, except viruses, contains one or more cells.
The size of the

Microscopy and Staining

Light microscopes work by passing light through specimens, but they can only magnify up to ×1000. You calculate total magnification by multiplying the eyepiece lens power by the objective lens power - so ×10 eyepiece with ×20 objective gives ×200 total.

Electron microscopes are much more powerful, reaching magnifications up to ×50,000,000! They use electron beams instead of light and display images on monitors. The downside? They can only examine dead cells, whereas light microscopes can observe living cells.

Biological staining makes cell structures more visible. Iodine solution highlights the nucleus and stains starch in plant cells, whilst methylene blue stains acidic cell parts and makes nuclei stand out in animal cells and bacteria.

Remember: Electron microscopes gave scientists their first detailed look at internal cell structures - they revolutionised our understanding of cells in the 1930s!

Cells and Movement Across Cell Membranes
Plant and Animal Cells
Every organism, except viruses, contains one or more cells.
The size of the

Specialised Cells and Organisation

Not all cells are identical - they specialise to do specific jobs more efficiently. Think of red blood cells carrying oxygen or muscle cells contracting to create movement.

Living things are organised in levels of complexity. Specialised cells group together to form tissues (like muscle tissue), tissues combine to make organs (like the heart), and organs work together in organ systems (like the circulatory system).

Humans are multicellular organisms made of trillions of cells, whilst some life forms are unicellular - consisting of just one cell that does everything needed for survival.

Think About It: Your body is like a massive factory where different specialised cells have specific jobs, all working together to keep you alive and functioning!

Cells and Movement Across Cell Membranes
Plant and Animal Cells
Every organism, except viruses, contains one or more cells.
The size of the

Diffusion

Diffusion is the movement of molecules from areas of high concentration to low concentration - no energy required! Molecules in liquids and gases constantly move and collide, causing this natural mixing process.

Oxygen and carbon dioxide pass through cell membranes by diffusion. This is crucial for respiration - oxygen diffuses into cells whilst carbon dioxide diffuses out as waste.

Three factors affect diffusion rate: concentration gradient biggerdifferences=fasterdiffusionbigger differences = faster diffusion, temperature highertemperature=morekineticenergy=fastermovementhigher temperature = more kinetic energy = faster movement, and pressure (molecules move quickly from high to low pressure areas).

Real Life Connection: When you spray perfume, diffusion spreads the scent molecules throughout the room - that's why you can smell it from across the room after a few minutes!

Cells and Movement Across Cell Membranes
Plant and Animal Cells
Every organism, except viruses, contains one or more cells.
The size of the

Cell Membrane Structure and Permeability

The cell membrane controls everything entering and leaving cells - it's like a selective security checkpoint. Its structure contains tiny pores that allow small molecules through whilst blocking larger ones.

This makes the cell membrane selectively permeable - it's picky about what gets through! Small molecules like water can pass through the pores easily, but large molecules like sugars and minerals are too big to fit.

You can model this using Visking tubing, which works similarly to real cell membranes. It's also selectively permeable with pores that let small molecules pass but block larger ones.

Visual Memory: Picture the cell membrane as a net - small fish (molecules) swim through the gaps, but big fish get caught and can't pass through!

Cells and Movement Across Cell Membranes
Plant and Animal Cells
Every organism, except viruses, contains one or more cells.
The size of the

Understanding Osmosis

Osmosis is a special type of diffusion - specifically, it's water molecules moving from high water concentration to low water concentration through a selectively permeable membrane.

Here's the key concept: concentrated solutions have low water concentration (lots of solute, little water), whilst dilute solutions have high water concentration (little solute, lots of water). Water always moves down its concentration gradient.

The process reaches equilibrium when water concentration becomes equal on both sides of the membrane. At this point, there's no net movement - equal amounts of water move in both directions.

Memory Trick: Think "Osmosis = Only water" - it's the diffusion of water molecules only, not other substances!

Cells and Movement Across Cell Membranes
Plant and Animal Cells
Every organism, except viruses, contains one or more cells.
The size of the

Osmosis Investigations with Visking Tubing

Visking tubing experiments help you understand osmosis in action. When you fill tubing with concentrated sugar solution and place it in water, the water moves in by osmosis, creating pressure that pushes liquid up a capillary tube.

In comparative experiments, tubing in distilled water becomes turgid (swells up) because water moves in. Tubing in concentrated solutions becomes flaccid (shrinks) because water moves out to the more concentrated external solution.

These investigations demonstrate that water always moves from areas of high water concentration to areas of low water concentration through selectively permeable membranes.

Practical Tip: Visking tubing behaves just like real cell membranes, making it perfect for modelling osmosis in living organisms!

Cells and Movement Across Cell Membranes
Plant and Animal Cells
Every organism, except viruses, contains one or more cells.
The size of the

Osmosis in Living Cells

Animal cells and plant cells respond differently to osmosis because plant cells have protective cell walls. This difference is crucial for understanding how organisms survive in different environments.

In dilute solutions, animal cells swell and may burst because they lack cell walls for protection. Plant cells become turgid (firm and swollen) but don't burst because their cell walls provide structural support.

In concentrated solutions, animal cells shrivel as water leaves. Plant cells become flaccid (limp and soft) but maintain their shape thanks to the cell wall framework.

Plant Power: The cell wall is like armour protecting plant cells from bursting - that's why plants can survive in pure water whilst animal cells would explode!

Cells and Movement Across Cell Membranes
Plant and Animal Cells
Every organism, except viruses, contains one or more cells.
The size of the

Advanced Osmosis Experiments

Two key experiments test osmosis using potato cylinders and Visking tubing bags in different sugar solution concentrations. Both produce similar results and demonstrate the same principles.

The experiments measure percentage change in mass to ensure fair comparisons between samples of different sizes. Results show mass increases in dilute solutions (water moves in), stays constant at equal concentrations, and decreases in concentrated solutions (water moves out).

Plotting results on a line graph reveals the concentration where no mass change occurs - this indicates where the internal concentration equals the external solution concentration. For potato cells, this typically occurs around 0.55M sugar solution.

Graph Skills: The point where the line crosses zero change shows you the internal concentration of the cells - a really useful piece of information for understanding cell biology!



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This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.

Samantha Klich

Android user

Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.

Anna

iOS user

Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good

Thomas R

iOS user

Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.

Basil

Android user

This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.

David K

iOS user

The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!

Sudenaz Ocak

Android user

In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.

Greenlight Bonnie

Android user

very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.

Rohan U

Android user

I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.

Xander S

iOS user

THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮

Elisha

iOS user

This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now

Paul T

iOS user

 

Biology

51

30 Nov 2025

14 pages

Understanding Cells and Membrane Transportation

S

sophie evans

@sophieevans_aidy

Cells are the building blocks of all living things, and understanding how they work is crucial for your GCSE biology success. This topic covers everything from the differences between plant and animal cells to how substances move in and out... Show more

Cells and Movement Across Cell Membranes
Plant and Animal Cells
Every organism, except viruses, contains one or more cells.
The size of the

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Plant and Animal Cells

Your body contains roughly 35 trillion cells, but they're not all the same! Plant cells and animal cells have key differences that you need to know for your exams.

Plant cells have three special features that animal cells don't: a cell wall made of cellulose for support, chloroplasts for photosynthesis, and a large permanent vacuole filled with cell sap. Both types of cells share some common parts though.

The cell membrane acts like a bouncer, controlling what enters and leaves the cell. The nucleus is the control centre containing chromosomes with genetic information. Cytoplasm is where most chemical reactions happen, whilst mitochondria are the powerhouses where aerobic respiration occurs.

Key Tip: Remember that the size of an organism depends on the number of cells, not their size - so elephants don't have bigger cells than mice, just more of them!

Cells and Movement Across Cell Membranes
Plant and Animal Cells
Every organism, except viruses, contains one or more cells.
The size of the

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Examining Cells Under a Microscope

You'll need to know how to prepare cheek cells and onion cells for microscopy - these are common practical exam questions!

For cheek cells, use methylene blue stain on a glass slide, gently rub your cheek with a cotton bud, then wipe it in the stain. Cover with a coverslip and examine under the light microscope. For onion cells, peel a thin layer of epidermis, add iodine solution, and follow the same coverslip procedure.

Calculating magnification is straightforward once you know the formula. Measure the image length, convert millimetres to micrometres (multiply by 1000), then divide by the real length. For example: if your drawing is 47mm and the real length is 42μm, the magnification is 47,000 ÷ 42 = ×1119.

Exam Hack: Always show your working for magnification calculations - even if your final answer is wrong, you can still pick up marks for the method!

Cells and Movement Across Cell Membranes
Plant and Animal Cells
Every organism, except viruses, contains one or more cells.
The size of the

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Improve your grades

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Microscopy and Staining

Light microscopes work by passing light through specimens, but they can only magnify up to ×1000. You calculate total magnification by multiplying the eyepiece lens power by the objective lens power - so ×10 eyepiece with ×20 objective gives ×200 total.

Electron microscopes are much more powerful, reaching magnifications up to ×50,000,000! They use electron beams instead of light and display images on monitors. The downside? They can only examine dead cells, whereas light microscopes can observe living cells.

Biological staining makes cell structures more visible. Iodine solution highlights the nucleus and stains starch in plant cells, whilst methylene blue stains acidic cell parts and makes nuclei stand out in animal cells and bacteria.

Remember: Electron microscopes gave scientists their first detailed look at internal cell structures - they revolutionised our understanding of cells in the 1930s!

Cells and Movement Across Cell Membranes
Plant and Animal Cells
Every organism, except viruses, contains one or more cells.
The size of the

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Specialised Cells and Organisation

Not all cells are identical - they specialise to do specific jobs more efficiently. Think of red blood cells carrying oxygen or muscle cells contracting to create movement.

Living things are organised in levels of complexity. Specialised cells group together to form tissues (like muscle tissue), tissues combine to make organs (like the heart), and organs work together in organ systems (like the circulatory system).

Humans are multicellular organisms made of trillions of cells, whilst some life forms are unicellular - consisting of just one cell that does everything needed for survival.

Think About It: Your body is like a massive factory where different specialised cells have specific jobs, all working together to keep you alive and functioning!

Cells and Movement Across Cell Membranes
Plant and Animal Cells
Every organism, except viruses, contains one or more cells.
The size of the

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Diffusion

Diffusion is the movement of molecules from areas of high concentration to low concentration - no energy required! Molecules in liquids and gases constantly move and collide, causing this natural mixing process.

Oxygen and carbon dioxide pass through cell membranes by diffusion. This is crucial for respiration - oxygen diffuses into cells whilst carbon dioxide diffuses out as waste.

Three factors affect diffusion rate: concentration gradient biggerdifferences=fasterdiffusionbigger differences = faster diffusion, temperature highertemperature=morekineticenergy=fastermovementhigher temperature = more kinetic energy = faster movement, and pressure (molecules move quickly from high to low pressure areas).

Real Life Connection: When you spray perfume, diffusion spreads the scent molecules throughout the room - that's why you can smell it from across the room after a few minutes!

Cells and Movement Across Cell Membranes
Plant and Animal Cells
Every organism, except viruses, contains one or more cells.
The size of the

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Cell Membrane Structure and Permeability

The cell membrane controls everything entering and leaving cells - it's like a selective security checkpoint. Its structure contains tiny pores that allow small molecules through whilst blocking larger ones.

This makes the cell membrane selectively permeable - it's picky about what gets through! Small molecules like water can pass through the pores easily, but large molecules like sugars and minerals are too big to fit.

You can model this using Visking tubing, which works similarly to real cell membranes. It's also selectively permeable with pores that let small molecules pass but block larger ones.

Visual Memory: Picture the cell membrane as a net - small fish (molecules) swim through the gaps, but big fish get caught and can't pass through!

Cells and Movement Across Cell Membranes
Plant and Animal Cells
Every organism, except viruses, contains one or more cells.
The size of the

Sign up to see the contentIt's free!

Access to all documents

Improve your grades

Join milions of students

By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy

Understanding Osmosis

Osmosis is a special type of diffusion - specifically, it's water molecules moving from high water concentration to low water concentration through a selectively permeable membrane.

Here's the key concept: concentrated solutions have low water concentration (lots of solute, little water), whilst dilute solutions have high water concentration (little solute, lots of water). Water always moves down its concentration gradient.

The process reaches equilibrium when water concentration becomes equal on both sides of the membrane. At this point, there's no net movement - equal amounts of water move in both directions.

Memory Trick: Think "Osmosis = Only water" - it's the diffusion of water molecules only, not other substances!

Cells and Movement Across Cell Membranes
Plant and Animal Cells
Every organism, except viruses, contains one or more cells.
The size of the

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By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy

Osmosis Investigations with Visking Tubing

Visking tubing experiments help you understand osmosis in action. When you fill tubing with concentrated sugar solution and place it in water, the water moves in by osmosis, creating pressure that pushes liquid up a capillary tube.

In comparative experiments, tubing in distilled water becomes turgid (swells up) because water moves in. Tubing in concentrated solutions becomes flaccid (shrinks) because water moves out to the more concentrated external solution.

These investigations demonstrate that water always moves from areas of high water concentration to areas of low water concentration through selectively permeable membranes.

Practical Tip: Visking tubing behaves just like real cell membranes, making it perfect for modelling osmosis in living organisms!

Cells and Movement Across Cell Membranes
Plant and Animal Cells
Every organism, except viruses, contains one or more cells.
The size of the

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Improve your grades

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Osmosis in Living Cells

Animal cells and plant cells respond differently to osmosis because plant cells have protective cell walls. This difference is crucial for understanding how organisms survive in different environments.

In dilute solutions, animal cells swell and may burst because they lack cell walls for protection. Plant cells become turgid (firm and swollen) but don't burst because their cell walls provide structural support.

In concentrated solutions, animal cells shrivel as water leaves. Plant cells become flaccid (limp and soft) but maintain their shape thanks to the cell wall framework.

Plant Power: The cell wall is like armour protecting plant cells from bursting - that's why plants can survive in pure water whilst animal cells would explode!

Cells and Movement Across Cell Membranes
Plant and Animal Cells
Every organism, except viruses, contains one or more cells.
The size of the

Sign up to see the contentIt's free!

Access to all documents

Improve your grades

Join milions of students

By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy

Advanced Osmosis Experiments

Two key experiments test osmosis using potato cylinders and Visking tubing bags in different sugar solution concentrations. Both produce similar results and demonstrate the same principles.

The experiments measure percentage change in mass to ensure fair comparisons between samples of different sizes. Results show mass increases in dilute solutions (water moves in), stays constant at equal concentrations, and decreases in concentrated solutions (water moves out).

Plotting results on a line graph reveals the concentration where no mass change occurs - this indicates where the internal concentration equals the external solution concentration. For potato cells, this typically occurs around 0.55M sugar solution.

Graph Skills: The point where the line crosses zero change shows you the internal concentration of the cells - a really useful piece of information for understanding cell biology!

We thought you’d never ask...

What is the Knowunity AI companion?

Our AI Companion is a student-focused AI tool that offers more than just answers. Built on millions of Knowunity resources, it provides relevant information, personalised study plans, quizzes, and content directly in the chat, adapting to your individual learning journey.

Where can I download the Knowunity app?

You can download the app from Google Play Store and Apple App Store.

Is Knowunity really free of charge?

That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help – all at your fingertips.

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The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.

Stefan S

iOS user

This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.

Samantha Klich

Android user

Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.

Anna

iOS user

Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good

Thomas R

iOS user

Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.

Basil

Android user

This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.

David K

iOS user

The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!

Sudenaz Ocak

Android user

In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.

Greenlight Bonnie

Android user

very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.

Rohan U

Android user

I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.

Xander S

iOS user

THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮

Elisha

iOS user

This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now

Paul T

iOS user

The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.

Stefan S

iOS user

This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.

Samantha Klich

Android user

Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.

Anna

iOS user

Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good

Thomas R

iOS user

Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.

Basil

Android user

This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.

David K

iOS user

The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!

Sudenaz Ocak

Android user

In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.

Greenlight Bonnie

Android user

very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.

Rohan U

Android user

I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.

Xander S

iOS user

THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮

Elisha

iOS user

This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now

Paul T

iOS user