Maths
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Biology
English Language
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Responding to change (a2 only)
Infection and response
Homeostasis and response
Energy transfers (a2 only)
Cell biology
Organisms respond to changes in their internal and external environments (a-level only)
Biological molecules
Organisation
Substance exchange
Bioenergetics
Genetic information & variation
Inheritance, variation and evolution
Genetics & ecosystems (a2 only)
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Britain & the wider world: 1745 -1901
1l the quest for political stability: germany, 1871-1991
The cold war
Inter-war germany
Medieval period: 1066 -1509
2d religious conflict and the church in england, c1529-c1570
2o democracy and nazism: germany, 1918-1945
1f industrialisation and the people: britain, c1783-1885
1c the tudors: england, 1485-1603
2m wars and welfare: britain in transition, 1906-1957
World war two & the holocaust
2n revolution and dictatorship: russia, 1917-1953
2s the making of modern britain, 1951-2007
World war one
Britain: 1509 -1745
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Biology
12 Dec 2025
1,216
5 pages
gmelonergan @gmelonergan_pquc
Ever wondered how scientists can see tiny cells or how your digestive system breaks down food? Cell biology... Show more
Your ability to see cellular details depends entirely on the microscope's resolution - basically how sharp the image looks. Think of it like the difference between a blurry photo and a crystal-clear one.
Total magnification is dead simple to work out just multiply the eyepiece lens power by the objective lens power. If your eyepiece is ×10 and objective is ×40, you get ×400 magnification total.
The conversion chart shows how units get smaller as you zoom in. From millimetres (mm) to micrometres (µm) to nanometres (nm) - each step divides by 1000. So 1mm = 1000µm = 1,000,000nm.
Quick tip Use coarse focus first to get roughly in focus, then fine focus to get the perfect image - just like adjusting a camera!
Here's the key difference you need to nail eukaryotic cells have a nucleus (think plants and animals), whilst prokaryotic cells don't (that's bacteria). It's like having an office with or without a manager's room.
Every cell has some basic kit the cell membrane acts like a bouncer controlling what gets in and out, cytoplasm is where most chemical reactions happen, mitochondria are the powerhouses doing aerobic respiration, and the nucleus stores all the genetic instructions.
Plant cells get extra features a tough cellulose cell wall for support, chloroplasts packed with chlorophyll for photosynthesis, and a large vacuole storing cell sap. Think of plants as having upgraded security and solar panels!
Specialised cells are perfectly adapted for their jobs. Sperm cells are streamlined with loads of mitochondria for energy, whilst intestine cells have tiny projections called microvilli to absorb more nutrients - like having a larger surface area to catch everything.
Remember Every cell structure has a specific function - there's no wasted space in biology!
Bacteria are prokaryotic, meaning their DNA just floats around in loops called chromosomes rather than being locked in a nucleus. They've also got smaller plasmids - think of these as bonus DNA circles with extra features.
Bacterial cells are simpler but effective no mitochondria or chloroplasts, smaller ribosomes, and sometimes a protective slime coat or flagellum for movement. Their cell walls aren't made of cellulose like plants.
Enzymes are your body's molecular scissors and glue - they're biological catalysts that speed up reactions massively. Each enzyme is picky about what it works on (called substrates) and what it produces (products).
The big three digestive enzymes you need to know amylase breaks down carbohydrates into simple sugars, protease chops proteins into amino acids, and lipase splits lipids into fatty acids and glycerol. They work in your mouth, stomach, pancreas, and small intestine.
Think of it this way Enzymes are like specialised tools - you wouldn't use a hammer to cut paper or scissors to bang in nails!
Food tests are dead useful for identifying what's in your grub. Benedict's test turns sugars from blue to red when heated, Biuret test changes proteins from pale blue to purple, iodine makes starch go blue-black, and the ethanol test creates a cloudy emulsion with lipids.
These tests work because different molecules react with specific chemicals in predictable ways. It's like having a chemical fingerprint for each food group - brilliant for checking what's actually in processed foods.
Enzyme action follows the lock and key model the enzyme's active site is perfectly shaped to hold substrate molecules in exactly the right position. Once the reaction happens, the product no longer fits properly and gets released.
Think of enzymes as molecular matchmakers - they bring the right molecules together under perfect conditions, help them react, then move on to help the next pair. Without enzymes, these reactions would be painfully slow.
Key insight The active site shape is crucial - change it even slightly and the enzyme stops working properly!
Our AI Companion is a student-focused AI tool that offers more than just answers. Built on millions of Knowunity resources, it provides relevant information, personalised study plans, quizzes, and content directly in the chat, adapting to your individual learning journey.
You can download the app from Google Play Store and Apple App Store.
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help – all at your fingertips.
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Transform this note into: ✓ 50+ Practice Questions ✓ Interactive Flashcards ✓ Full Mock Exam ✓ Essay Outlines
Explore the essential concepts of cellular structures, transport mechanisms, and enzyme functions in this comprehensive study note. Covering key topics such as osmosis, diffusion, active transport, and microscopy, this resource is designed for GCSE WJEC Biology students to enhance their understanding of cell organization and function. Ideal for exam preparation and revision.
BiologyExplore the fundamental concepts of cell biology, including cell structure, function, and specialization. This summary covers key topics such as prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, specialized animal and plant cells, binary fission, and microscopy techniques. Ideal for students preparing for exams or seeking a comprehensive overview of cellular processes.
BiologyExplore the intricate structures and functions of animal, plant, and bacterial cells. This summary covers key components such as the nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts, and specialized cells like sperm and muscle cells, highlighting their roles in cellular processes and differentiation.
Biologyuseful knowledge
BiologyExplore the intricate processes of digestion, including the roles of enzymes, adaptations of digestive organs, and mechanisms of nutrient transport. This summary covers key concepts such as peristalsis, enzyme functions, and the differences between diffusion, osmosis, and active transport, providing a comprehensive overview for students studying human digestion.
Biologydiffusion +osmosis, plant cell+animal cell, microscopy, transport in cells,
BiologyQuotes from every main character
English LiteratureApp Store
Google Play
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
gmelonergan
@gmelonergan_pquc
Ever wondered how scientists can see tiny cells or how your digestive system breaks down food? Cell biology covers everything from using microscopes to examine microscopic structures to understanding how enzymes work in your body to digest your breakfast.
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Your ability to see cellular details depends entirely on the microscope's resolution - basically how sharp the image looks. Think of it like the difference between a blurry photo and a crystal-clear one.
Total magnification is dead simple to work out: just multiply the eyepiece lens power by the objective lens power. If your eyepiece is ×10 and objective is ×40, you get ×400 magnification total.
The conversion chart shows how units get smaller as you zoom in. From millimetres (mm) to micrometres (µm) to nanometres (nm) - each step divides by 1000. So 1mm = 1000µm = 1,000,000nm.
Quick tip: Use coarse focus first to get roughly in focus, then fine focus to get the perfect image - just like adjusting a camera!
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Here's the key difference you need to nail: eukaryotic cells have a nucleus (think plants and animals), whilst prokaryotic cells don't (that's bacteria). It's like having an office with or without a manager's room.
Every cell has some basic kit: the cell membrane acts like a bouncer controlling what gets in and out, cytoplasm is where most chemical reactions happen, mitochondria are the powerhouses doing aerobic respiration, and the nucleus stores all the genetic instructions.
Plant cells get extra features: a tough cellulose cell wall for support, chloroplasts packed with chlorophyll for photosynthesis, and a large vacuole storing cell sap. Think of plants as having upgraded security and solar panels!
Specialised cells are perfectly adapted for their jobs. Sperm cells are streamlined with loads of mitochondria for energy, whilst intestine cells have tiny projections called microvilli to absorb more nutrients - like having a larger surface area to catch everything.
Remember: Every cell structure has a specific function - there's no wasted space in biology!
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Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Bacteria are prokaryotic, meaning their DNA just floats around in loops called chromosomes rather than being locked in a nucleus. They've also got smaller plasmids - think of these as bonus DNA circles with extra features.
Bacterial cells are simpler but effective: no mitochondria or chloroplasts, smaller ribosomes, and sometimes a protective slime coat or flagellum for movement. Their cell walls aren't made of cellulose like plants.
Enzymes are your body's molecular scissors and glue - they're biological catalysts that speed up reactions massively. Each enzyme is picky about what it works on (called substrates) and what it produces (products).
The big three digestive enzymes you need to know: amylase breaks down carbohydrates into simple sugars, protease chops proteins into amino acids, and lipase splits lipids into fatty acids and glycerol. They work in your mouth, stomach, pancreas, and small intestine.
Think of it this way: Enzymes are like specialised tools - you wouldn't use a hammer to cut paper or scissors to bang in nails!
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Food tests are dead useful for identifying what's in your grub. Benedict's test turns sugars from blue to red when heated, Biuret test changes proteins from pale blue to purple, iodine makes starch go blue-black, and the ethanol test creates a cloudy emulsion with lipids.
These tests work because different molecules react with specific chemicals in predictable ways. It's like having a chemical fingerprint for each food group - brilliant for checking what's actually in processed foods.
Enzyme action follows the lock and key model: the enzyme's active site is perfectly shaped to hold substrate molecules in exactly the right position. Once the reaction happens, the product no longer fits properly and gets released.
Think of enzymes as molecular matchmakers - they bring the right molecules together under perfect conditions, help them react, then move on to help the next pair. Without enzymes, these reactions would be painfully slow.
Key insight: The active site shape is crucial - change it even slightly and the enzyme stops working properly!
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Our AI Companion is a student-focused AI tool that offers more than just answers. Built on millions of Knowunity resources, it provides relevant information, personalised study plans, quizzes, and content directly in the chat, adapting to your individual learning journey.
You can download the app from Google Play Store and Apple App Store.
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help – all at your fingertips.
23
Smart Tools NEW
Transform this note into: ✓ 50+ Practice Questions ✓ Interactive Flashcards ✓ Full Mock Exam ✓ Essay Outlines
Explore the essential concepts of cellular structures, transport mechanisms, and enzyme functions in this comprehensive study note. Covering key topics such as osmosis, diffusion, active transport, and microscopy, this resource is designed for GCSE WJEC Biology students to enhance their understanding of cell organization and function. Ideal for exam preparation and revision.
BiologyExplore the fundamental concepts of cell biology, including cell structure, function, and specialization. This summary covers key topics such as prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, specialized animal and plant cells, binary fission, and microscopy techniques. Ideal for students preparing for exams or seeking a comprehensive overview of cellular processes.
BiologyExplore the intricate structures and functions of animal, plant, and bacterial cells. This summary covers key components such as the nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts, and specialized cells like sperm and muscle cells, highlighting their roles in cellular processes and differentiation.
Biologyuseful knowledge
BiologyExplore the intricate processes of digestion, including the roles of enzymes, adaptations of digestive organs, and mechanisms of nutrient transport. This summary covers key concepts such as peristalsis, enzyme functions, and the differences between diffusion, osmosis, and active transport, providing a comprehensive overview for students studying human digestion.
Biologydiffusion +osmosis, plant cell+animal cell, microscopy, transport in cells,
BiologyQuotes from every main character
English LiteratureApp Store
Google Play
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
Biología
Sociology