Maths
Chemistry
Biology
English Language
History
Responding to change (a2 only)
Infection and response
Homeostasis and response
Energy transfers (a2 only)
Cell biology
Organisms respond to changes in their internal and external environments (a-level only)
Biological molecules
Organisation
Substance exchange
Bioenergetics
Genetic information & variation
Inheritance, variation and evolution
Genetics & ecosystems (a2 only)
Ecology
Cells
Show all topics
Britain & the wider world: 1745 -1901
1l the quest for political stability: germany, 1871-1991
The cold war
Inter-war germany
Medieval period: 1066 -1509
2d religious conflict and the church in england, c1529-c1570
2o democracy and nazism: germany, 1918-1945
1f industrialisation and the people: britain, c1783-1885
1c the tudors: england, 1485-1603
2m wars and welfare: britain in transition, 1906-1957
World war two & the holocaust
2n revolution and dictatorship: russia, 1917-1953
2s the making of modern britain, 1951-2007
World war one
Britain: 1509 -1745
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Psychology
11 Dec 2025
97
2 pages
Lamisah Chowdhury @lamisahchowdhury_hmcm
Ever wondered why boys and girls behave differently across the world? This fascinating topic explores how culture and... Show more
Cross-cultural studies are brilliant for understanding whether gender differences come from biology or society. If gender behaviours appear the same across different cultures, it suggests biological influences. But when behaviours vary dramatically between cultures, it points to cultural socialisation being the driving force.
Margaret Mead's groundbreaking research in New Guinea perfectly illustrates this. She studied three tribes with completely different gender norms the gentle Arapesh (similar to Western femininity), the aggressive Mundugumor (like Western masculinity), and the Tchambuli where women were dominant leaders whilst men were passive and decorative. This suggested gender roles aren't fixed by biology but shaped by culture.
However, Mead later admitted she'd underestimated universal gender patterns. David Buss's study across 37 countries found consistent mate preferences everywhere - women seeking wealthy, resourceful partners whilst men prioritised youth and attractiveness. This suggests some gender behaviours might be more universal than Mead initially thought.
Key Point The extent to which natural behaviours are expressed depends heavily on cultural norms, creating a complex interaction between biology and society.
Media acts as a powerful gender role model for children, providing clear but rigid stereotypes. Men are typically shown as independent and ambitious 'advice-givers', whilst women appear as dependent 'advice-seekers' in domestic settings. TV adverts reinforce this by showing men in professional roles and women in family contexts.
Children with greater media exposure tend to display more gender-stereotypical behaviours and attitudes. The media doesn't just confirm existing stereotypes - it actually teaches children what behaviours are likely to succeed, increasing their confidence in performing gender-appropriate actions.
However, cross-cultural research has significant flaws. Mead's work suffered from observer bias - she couldn't separate her own opinions from her observations, and follow-up studies revealed participants had misled her. There's also the problem of 'imposed etic' where Western researchers impose their cultural understanding on other societies, making findings potentially meaningless.
Reality Check Cross-cultural research can't actually solve the nature-nurture debate because socialisation begins at birth, making it impossible to separate biological and cultural influences completely.
Our AI Companion is a student-focused AI tool that offers more than just answers. Built on millions of Knowunity resources, it provides relevant information, personalised study plans, quizzes, and content directly in the chat, adapting to your individual learning journey.
You can download the app from Google Play Store and Apple App Store.
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help – all at your fingertips.
2
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Transform this note into: ✓ 50+ Practice Questions ✓ Interactive Flashcards ✓ Full Mock Exam ✓ Essay Outlines
Explore the complexities of gender bias in psychological research, including alpha and beta bias, androcentrism, and the implications of gender stereotypes. This summary delves into key studies, such as those by Ingallhalikar et al. and Formanowicz et al., highlighting the impact of gender on research outcomes and the importance of addressing bias in psychological practices.
PsychologyStudy notes covering AP Psych curriculum
AP PsychologyExplore the key findings of cultural variations in attachment styles, focusing on the meta-analysis by van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg. This summary covers secure, insecure-avoidant, and insecure-resistant attachments across different cultures, highlighting significant studies from Italy and Korea. Understand the implications of cultural practices on attachment types and evaluate the methodologies used in attachment research. Ideal for psychology students studying attachment theory.
Psychologyunderstand man as a moral agent, and distinguish different theories of moral development
PsychologyUnderstand the distinctions between moral and non-moral standards and their characteristics.
PsychologyExplore the relationship between moral reasoning and criminal behavior through cognitive distortions. This summary covers Kohlberg's stages of moral development, research findings on offenders' moral reasoning levels, and the implications for rehabilitation. Ideal for students studying crime and deviance theories.
PsychologyQuotes from every main character
English LiteratureApp Store
Google Play
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
Lamisah Chowdhury
@lamisahchowdhury_hmcm
Ever wondered why boys and girls behave differently across the world? This fascinating topic explores how culture and media shape our understanding of what it means to be male or female, using cross-cultural research to unpack the age-old nature versus... Show more
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Cross-cultural studies are brilliant for understanding whether gender differences come from biology or society. If gender behaviours appear the same across different cultures, it suggests biological influences. But when behaviours vary dramatically between cultures, it points to cultural socialisation being the driving force.
Margaret Mead's groundbreaking research in New Guinea perfectly illustrates this. She studied three tribes with completely different gender norms: the gentle Arapesh (similar to Western femininity), the aggressive Mundugumor (like Western masculinity), and the Tchambuli where women were dominant leaders whilst men were passive and decorative. This suggested gender roles aren't fixed by biology but shaped by culture.
However, Mead later admitted she'd underestimated universal gender patterns. David Buss's study across 37 countries found consistent mate preferences everywhere - women seeking wealthy, resourceful partners whilst men prioritised youth and attractiveness. This suggests some gender behaviours might be more universal than Mead initially thought.
Key Point: The extent to which natural behaviours are expressed depends heavily on cultural norms, creating a complex interaction between biology and society.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Media acts as a powerful gender role model for children, providing clear but rigid stereotypes. Men are typically shown as independent and ambitious 'advice-givers', whilst women appear as dependent 'advice-seekers' in domestic settings. TV adverts reinforce this by showing men in professional roles and women in family contexts.
Children with greater media exposure tend to display more gender-stereotypical behaviours and attitudes. The media doesn't just confirm existing stereotypes - it actually teaches children what behaviours are likely to succeed, increasing their confidence in performing gender-appropriate actions.
However, cross-cultural research has significant flaws. Mead's work suffered from observer bias - she couldn't separate her own opinions from her observations, and follow-up studies revealed participants had misled her. There's also the problem of 'imposed etic' where Western researchers impose their cultural understanding on other societies, making findings potentially meaningless.
Reality Check: Cross-cultural research can't actually solve the nature-nurture debate because socialisation begins at birth, making it impossible to separate biological and cultural influences completely.
Our AI Companion is a student-focused AI tool that offers more than just answers. Built on millions of Knowunity resources, it provides relevant information, personalised study plans, quizzes, and content directly in the chat, adapting to your individual learning journey.
You can download the app from Google Play Store and Apple App Store.
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help – all at your fingertips.
2
Smart Tools NEW
Transform this note into: ✓ 50+ Practice Questions ✓ Interactive Flashcards ✓ Full Mock Exam ✓ Essay Outlines
Explore the complexities of gender bias in psychological research, including alpha and beta bias, androcentrism, and the implications of gender stereotypes. This summary delves into key studies, such as those by Ingallhalikar et al. and Formanowicz et al., highlighting the impact of gender on research outcomes and the importance of addressing bias in psychological practices.
PsychologyStudy notes covering AP Psych curriculum
AP PsychologyExplore the key findings of cultural variations in attachment styles, focusing on the meta-analysis by van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg. This summary covers secure, insecure-avoidant, and insecure-resistant attachments across different cultures, highlighting significant studies from Italy and Korea. Understand the implications of cultural practices on attachment types and evaluate the methodologies used in attachment research. Ideal for psychology students studying attachment theory.
Psychologyunderstand man as a moral agent, and distinguish different theories of moral development
PsychologyUnderstand the distinctions between moral and non-moral standards and their characteristics.
PsychologyExplore the relationship between moral reasoning and criminal behavior through cognitive distortions. This summary covers Kohlberg's stages of moral development, research findings on offenders' moral reasoning levels, and the implications for rehabilitation. Ideal for students studying crime and deviance theories.
PsychologyQuotes from every main character
English LiteratureApp Store
Google Play
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
Sociology