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Chemistry
15 Oct 2025
432
5 pages
Laila @lailaaa__
A comprehensive step by step guide for sodium hydrogen sulfate titrationand preparation of volumetric solutions for accurate... Show more
This section details the proper setup of titration apparatus and initial solution measurements. The arrangement of equipment is crucial for accurate results.
Vocabulary Titrant - The solution of known concentration added from the burette Vocabulary Analyte - The solution of unknown concentration being analyzed
The setup includes proper positioning of the burette, stand, and clamp, along with preparation of both sodium hydrogen sulfate and sodium hydroxide solutions.
The detailed titration procedure explains the step-by-step process of determining the unknown concentration.
Highlight Multiple titrations are performed to ensure accuracy, with the first serving as a rough estimate.
Definition The endpoint is reached when a permanent color change occurs, indicating complete neutralization.
The process includes careful measurement of 25.0cm³ of sodium hydroxide solution and systematic addition of sodium hydrogen sulfate while monitoring color changes.
This section focuses on the mathematical aspects of determining concentration and important safety protocols.
Highlight When calculating the mean volume, the first rough titration and any outlying results are excluded.
Example Titrations must be within 0.1cm³ of each other to be considered valid for calculations.
The risk assessment portion emphasizes the hazardous nature of the chemicals used
Quote "Corrosive to eyes - can cause serious eye damage"
The concluding section guides students through the final calculations to determine the unknown concentration of sodium hydroxide.
Definition The concentration calculation uses the balanced equation and the precise volumes measured during titration.
Highlight Accuracy in recording and calculating results is crucial for reliable concentration determination.
The practical emphasizes the importance of showing all working steps in calculations and maintaining precise measurement records.
This section outlines the fundamental setup for preparing an accurate volumetric solution for titration analysis. The reaction between sodium hydrogen sulfate and sodium hydroxide is explained, along with the role of phenolphthalein indicator.
Definition A volumetric solution is a precisely concentrated solution used for quantitative chemical analysis.
Example The reaction equation demonstrates the process NaHSO4 + NaOH -> Na2SO4 + H2O
Highlight Phenolphthalein serves as the indicator, changing from pink/purple to colorless at the endpoint.
The equipment list includes essential items such as a volumetric flask, weighing boat, digital balance, and various measuring tools needed for precise solution preparation.
Our AI Companion is a student-focused AI tool that offers more than just answers. Built on millions of Knowunity resources, it provides relevant information, personalised study plans, quizzes, and content directly in the chat, adapting to your individual learning journey.
You can download the app from Google Play Store and Apple App Store.
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help – all at your fingertips.
23
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Transform this note into: ✓ 50+ Practice Questions ✓ Interactive Flashcards ✓ Full Mock Exam ✓ Essay Outlines
Explore essential mole calculations and stoichiometry concepts for A-Level Chemistry. This study resource covers the amount of substance, back titration methods, and detailed examples to enhance your understanding of chemical calculations. Perfect for exam preparation and mastering key concepts.
ChemistryExplore essential concepts in A Level Chemistry, including mole calculations, Avogadro's constant, atomic structure, and empirical formulas. This resource provides clear explanations and key formulas to enhance your understanding of chemical principles. Ideal for exam preparation and mastering foundational topics in chemistry.
ChemistryExplore the principles of measuring enthalpy changes in chemical reactions. This study note covers the use of calorimeters, the calculation of standard enthalpy changes, and the significance of specific heat capacity. Ideal for A Level Chemistry students, it includes key equations, experimental procedures, and common pitfalls to avoid. Enhance your understanding of thermodynamics and energy changes in reactions.
ChemistryComprehensive mind maps for SQA National 5 Chemistry Unit 1, covering key concepts such as bonding, atomic structure, periodic table, acids and bases, and mole calculations. Ideal for S4/5/6 students preparing for exams.
ChemistryExplore essential laboratory techniques in chemical analysis, including stoichiometric calculations, gravimetric analysis, and the use of various chemical apparatus such as conical flasks and digital balances. This summary provides insights into acid-base titrations and methods for improving percentage yield in reactions.
ChemistryExplore essential laboratory techniques in Advanced Higher Chemistry, including titration, chromatography, and gravimetric analysis. This resource covers key concepts such as standard solutions, percent yield, and stoichiometry, providing practical insights for experiments like the preparation of benzoic acid and the determination of aspirin content. Ideal for students seeking to enhance their understanding of chemical analysis and practical skills.
ChemistryApp Store
Google Play
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
Chemistry
15 Oct 2025
432
5 pages
Laila @lailaaa__
A comprehensive step by step guide for sodium hydrogen sulfate titration and preparation of volumetric solutions for accurate concentration determination in acid-base reactions.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
This section details the proper setup of titration apparatus and initial solution measurements. The arrangement of equipment is crucial for accurate results.
Vocabulary Titrant - The solution of known concentration added from the burette Vocabulary Analyte - The solution of unknown concentration being analyzed
The setup includes proper positioning of the burette, stand, and clamp, along with preparation of both sodium hydrogen sulfate and sodium hydroxide solutions.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
The detailed titration procedure explains the step-by-step process of determining the unknown concentration.
Highlight Multiple titrations are performed to ensure accuracy, with the first serving as a rough estimate.
Definition The endpoint is reached when a permanent color change occurs, indicating complete neutralization.
The process includes careful measurement of 25.0cm³ of sodium hydroxide solution and systematic addition of sodium hydrogen sulfate while monitoring color changes.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
This section focuses on the mathematical aspects of determining concentration and important safety protocols.
Highlight When calculating the mean volume, the first rough titration and any outlying results are excluded.
Example Titrations must be within 0.1cm³ of each other to be considered valid for calculations.
The risk assessment portion emphasizes the hazardous nature of the chemicals used
Quote "Corrosive to eyes - can cause serious eye damage"
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
The concluding section guides students through the final calculations to determine the unknown concentration of sodium hydroxide.
Definition The concentration calculation uses the balanced equation and the precise volumes measured during titration.
Highlight Accuracy in recording and calculating results is crucial for reliable concentration determination.
The practical emphasizes the importance of showing all working steps in calculations and maintaining precise measurement records.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
This section outlines the fundamental setup for preparing an accurate volumetric solution for titration analysis. The reaction between sodium hydrogen sulfate and sodium hydroxide is explained, along with the role of phenolphthalein indicator.
Definition A volumetric solution is a precisely concentrated solution used for quantitative chemical analysis.
Example The reaction equation demonstrates the process NaHSO4 + NaOH -> Na2SO4 + H2O
Highlight Phenolphthalein serves as the indicator, changing from pink/purple to colorless at the endpoint.
The equipment list includes essential items such as a volumetric flask, weighing boat, digital balance, and various measuring tools needed for precise solution preparation.
Our AI Companion is a student-focused AI tool that offers more than just answers. Built on millions of Knowunity resources, it provides relevant information, personalised study plans, quizzes, and content directly in the chat, adapting to your individual learning journey.
You can download the app from Google Play Store and Apple App Store.
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help – all at your fingertips.
23
Smart Tools NEW
Transform this note into: ✓ 50+ Practice Questions ✓ Interactive Flashcards ✓ Full Mock Exam ✓ Essay Outlines
Explore essential mole calculations and stoichiometry concepts for A-Level Chemistry. This study resource covers the amount of substance, back titration methods, and detailed examples to enhance your understanding of chemical calculations. Perfect for exam preparation and mastering key concepts.
ChemistryExplore essential concepts in A Level Chemistry, including mole calculations, Avogadro's constant, atomic structure, and empirical formulas. This resource provides clear explanations and key formulas to enhance your understanding of chemical principles. Ideal for exam preparation and mastering foundational topics in chemistry.
ChemistryExplore the principles of measuring enthalpy changes in chemical reactions. This study note covers the use of calorimeters, the calculation of standard enthalpy changes, and the significance of specific heat capacity. Ideal for A Level Chemistry students, it includes key equations, experimental procedures, and common pitfalls to avoid. Enhance your understanding of thermodynamics and energy changes in reactions.
ChemistryComprehensive mind maps for SQA National 5 Chemistry Unit 1, covering key concepts such as bonding, atomic structure, periodic table, acids and bases, and mole calculations. Ideal for S4/5/6 students preparing for exams.
ChemistryExplore essential laboratory techniques in chemical analysis, including stoichiometric calculations, gravimetric analysis, and the use of various chemical apparatus such as conical flasks and digital balances. This summary provides insights into acid-base titrations and methods for improving percentage yield in reactions.
ChemistryExplore essential laboratory techniques in Advanced Higher Chemistry, including titration, chromatography, and gravimetric analysis. This resource covers key concepts such as standard solutions, percent yield, and stoichiometry, providing practical insights for experiments like the preparation of benzoic acid and the determination of aspirin content. Ideal for students seeking to enhance their understanding of chemical analysis and practical skills.
ChemistryApp Store
Google Play
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
