日本史上初めて武士が作った政権が鎌倉幕府だよ。これまでの貴族中心の世の中から、武士が主役の時代へと大きく変わった転換点なんだ。源頼朝がどうやって全国を支配し、どんな仕組みで政治を行ったのか見ていこう！
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Updated Mar 17, 2026
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鎌倉幕府の設立と武士政治の特徴
1 / 4
鎌倉幕府の成立と基本の仕組み
鎌倉幕府って聞くと難しそうだけど、実は「武士のボスが作った初めての政府」って考えれば分かりやすいよ。源頼朝が征夷大将軍という地位について、武士のトップであることを朝廷に認めてもらったんだ。
この幕府の力の基礎になったのが**「御恩と奉公」という関係。将軍は御家人**（直属の武士たち）に土地の支配を保証したり新しい領地をくれたりする（これが御恩）。その代わり御家人は京都や鎌倉の警備、戦争での戦いを頑張る（これが奉公）。
つまり「土地をあげるから、俺のために働いてくれ」「分かりました、ボス！」みたいな関係だね。この封建制度があったからこそ、頼朝は全国の武士をまとめることができたんだ。
覚えておこう！ 御恩と奉公は土地を仲立ちにした主従関係。これが鎌倉幕府の政治の基本だよ。
幕府成立の流れと政治の仕組み
頼朝の挙兵から幕府成立までの流れはこんな感じ。1180年に以仁王の命令で伊豆で挙兵して、鎌倉を拠点にした。1185年の壇ノ浦の戦いで平氏を完全に滅ぼして、全国に守護・地頭を置くことを朝廷に認めさせたんだ。
そして1192年に征夷大将軍になって鎌倉幕府が正式にスタート！（「いい国つくろう鎌倉幕府」で覚えよう）
幕府の政治は中央と地方に分かれてる。中央の鎌倉には侍所（軍事・警察）、政所（政治・財政）、問注所（裁判）を設置。地方には国ごとに守護、荘園・公領ごとに地頭を置いた。
この守護・地頭システムが超重要！これまで朝廷の支配が届いていた地方にも、幕府の力を広げることができたからね。
テストのコツ！ 守護は国単位（広い）、地頭は荘園・公領単位（狭い）で覚えよう。
執権政治と承久の乱
頼朝が亡くなった後、妻の北条政子の一族である北条氏が実権を握るようになった。執権という将軍を助ける役職に代々就いて政治を行う執権政治が始まったんだ。
1221年の承久の乱は超重要な出来事！後鳥羽上皇が幕府の力を削ごうと兵を挙げたけど、北条政子の演説で結束した幕府軍が圧勝した。この結果、朝廷を監視する六波羅探題を京都に設置して、上皇側の領地を没収して御家人に分け与えたんだ。
この乱の後、幕府の支配力が朝廷を完全に上回り、西日本にも強く及ぶようになった。つまり全国的な武士の支配が確立されたってこと！
1232年には3代執権北条泰時が御成敗式目を制定。これは武士のための初めての本格的な法律で、御家人同士の争いを公平に裁くための基準を示したんだ。
ポイント！ 承久の乱の前後で幕府の支配範囲が東日本中心から全国へと拡大したよ。
テスト対策のまとめ
年代はしっかり覚えておこう！1185年（壇ノ浦の戦い・守護地頭設置）、1192年（征夷大将軍就任）、1221年（承久の乱）、1232年（御成敗式目）は必須だよ。
守護と地頭の違いも頻出問題。守護は国単位で軍事・警察・御家人統率、地頭は荘園・公領単位で年貢取り立て・土地管理・治安維持を担当した。この二つを全国に配置したことで、幕府は日本全体を支配できるようになったんだ。
御成敗式目の意義もよく問われる。武士による武士のための最初の法律で、裁判の基準を明確にした点が重要。これまでの貴族の法律とは違って、武士の実情に合った内容だったんだね。
鎌倉幕府は御恩と奉公で結ばれた御家人制度、守護・地頭による全国支配、承久の乱での朝廷に対する優位確立という3つのポイントで理解すれば完璧！
最終チェック！ 鎌倉幕府 = 武士の政権 + 御恩と奉公 + 守護・地頭 + 執権政治で整理しよう。
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Where can I download the Knowunity app?
You can download the app from Google Play Store and Apple App Store.
Is Knowunity really free of charge?
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The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE Knowunity AI. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE Knowunity AI. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
鎌倉幕府の設立と武士政治の特徴
日本史上初めて武士が作った政権が鎌倉幕府だよ。これまでの貴族中心の世の中から、武士が主役の時代へと大きく変わった転換点なんだ。源頼朝がどうやって全国を支配し、どんな仕組みで政治を行ったのか見ていこう！
鎌倉幕府の成立と基本の仕組み
鎌倉幕府って聞くと難しそうだけど、実は「武士のボスが作った初めての政府」って考えれば分かりやすいよ。源頼朝が征夷大将軍という地位について、武士のトップであることを朝廷に認めてもらったんだ。
この幕府の力の基礎になったのが**「御恩と奉公」という関係。将軍は御家人**（直属の武士たち）に土地の支配を保証したり新しい領地をくれたりする（これが御恩）。その代わり御家人は京都や鎌倉の警備、戦争での戦いを頑張る（これが奉公）。
つまり「土地をあげるから、俺のために働いてくれ」「分かりました、ボス！」みたいな関係だね。この封建制度があったからこそ、頼朝は全国の武士をまとめることができたんだ。
覚えておこう！ 御恩と奉公は土地を仲立ちにした主従関係。これが鎌倉幕府の政治の基本だよ。
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幕府成立の流れと政治の仕組み
頼朝の挙兵から幕府成立までの流れはこんな感じ。1180年に以仁王の命令で伊豆で挙兵して、鎌倉を拠点にした。1185年の壇ノ浦の戦いで平氏を完全に滅ぼして、全国に守護・地頭を置くことを朝廷に認めさせたんだ。
そして1192年に征夷大将軍になって鎌倉幕府が正式にスタート！（「いい国つくろう鎌倉幕府」で覚えよう）
幕府の政治は中央と地方に分かれてる。中央の鎌倉には侍所（軍事・警察）、政所（政治・財政）、問注所（裁判）を設置。地方には国ごとに守護、荘園・公領ごとに地頭を置いた。
この守護・地頭システムが超重要！これまで朝廷の支配が届いていた地方にも、幕府の力を広げることができたからね。
テストのコツ！ 守護は国単位（広い）、地頭は荘園・公領単位（狭い）で覚えよう。
Sign up to see the contentIt's free!
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執権政治と承久の乱
頼朝が亡くなった後、妻の北条政子の一族である北条氏が実権を握るようになった。執権という将軍を助ける役職に代々就いて政治を行う執権政治が始まったんだ。
1221年の承久の乱は超重要な出来事！後鳥羽上皇が幕府の力を削ごうと兵を挙げたけど、北条政子の演説で結束した幕府軍が圧勝した。この結果、朝廷を監視する六波羅探題を京都に設置して、上皇側の領地を没収して御家人に分け与えたんだ。
この乱の後、幕府の支配力が朝廷を完全に上回り、西日本にも強く及ぶようになった。つまり全国的な武士の支配が確立されたってこと！
1232年には3代執権北条泰時が御成敗式目を制定。これは武士のための初めての本格的な法律で、御家人同士の争いを公平に裁くための基準を示したんだ。
ポイント！ 承久の乱の前後で幕府の支配範囲が東日本中心から全国へと拡大したよ。
Sign up to see the contentIt's free!
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
テスト対策のまとめ
年代はしっかり覚えておこう！1185年（壇ノ浦の戦い・守護地頭設置）、1192年（征夷大将軍就任）、1221年（承久の乱）、1232年（御成敗式目）は必須だよ。
守護と地頭の違いも頻出問題。守護は国単位で軍事・警察・御家人統率、地頭は荘園・公領単位で年貢取り立て・土地管理・治安維持を担当した。この二つを全国に配置したことで、幕府は日本全体を支配できるようになったんだ。
御成敗式目の意義もよく問われる。武士による武士のための最初の法律で、裁判の基準を明確にした点が重要。これまでの貴族の法律とは違って、武士の実情に合った内容だったんだね。
鎌倉幕府は御恩と奉公で結ばれた御家人制度、守護・地頭による全国支配、承久の乱での朝廷に対する優位確立という3つのポイントで理解すれば完璧！
最終チェック！ 鎌倉幕府 = 武士の政権 + 御恩と奉公 + 守護・地頭 + 執権政治で整理しよう。
We thought you’d never ask...
What is the Knowunity AI companion?
Our AI Companion is a student-focused AI tool that offers more than just answers. Built on millions of Knowunity resources, it provides relevant information, personalised study plans, quizzes, and content directly in the chat, adapting to your individual learning journey.
Where can I download the Knowunity app?
You can download the app from Google Play Store and Apple App Store.
Is Knowunity really free of charge?
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help – all at your fingertips.
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Students love us — and so will you.
4.6/5
App Store
4.7/5
Google Play
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE Knowunity AI. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE Knowunity AI. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user