江戸時代の終わり頃、アメリカのペリーが黒船でやってきて、200年以上続いた鎖国を終わらせることになった。この開国が、幕末の大混乱の始まりで、最終的に江戸幕府が倒れるきっかけにもなるんだ。
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Updated Mar 20, 2026
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ペリー来航と日本の開国の歴史
1 / 5
外国船の来航と鎖国政策の変化
君たちが知ってる通り、江戸時代の日本は鎖国をしていて、外国との付き合いをほとんど断っていた。でも19世紀に入ると、ロシアやイギリスの船が日本の近くをうろうろするようになって、幕府も対応に困り始めた。
最初は「異国船打払令」(1825年)で、外国船を見つけたら問答無用で攻撃して追い払えって命令を出していた。でも1842年のアヘン戦争で清国がイギリスにボロ負けしたのを見て、「これはヤバい、武力で対抗するのは危険すぎる」と気づいた。
そこで「薪水給与令」(1842年)に方針転換。遭難した外国船には燃料や水、食べ物を与えることにした。幕府も外国の軍事力の強さを理解し始めていたんだね。
💡 ココがポイント！ アヘン戦争の結果が、日本の外交政策を大きく変えるきっかけになった！
ペリー来航と日米和親条約
1853年、ついに運命の日がやってきた。アメリカ海軍のペリーが、黒船と呼ばれる蒸気船4隻を率いて浦賀に現れたんだ。煙をもくもく吐きながら進む黒い軍艦は、当時の日本人には衝撃的だった。
ペリーの目的は、アメリカの捕鯨船への補給と日本との貿易。大統領からの手紙を幕府に渡して開国を強く要求し、「来年また来るからね」と言い残して一度退去した。
翌1854年、ペリーが再来航。幕府は軍事力の差を痛感して、ついに要求を受け入れることにした。こうして日米和親条約が結ばれ、約200年続いた鎖国が終了。下田と箱館の2港を開いて、アメリカ船への物資補給を認めたんだ。
💡 ココがポイント！ この時点ではまだ貿易は始まってない。あくまで港を開いて補給を認めただけ！
日米修好通商条約と不平等な内容
日米和親条約に基づいて、下田にアメリカ総領事のハリスがやってきた。ハリスは今度は本格的な貿易を始める条約を結ぶよう幕府に迫ったんだ。
1858年、大老の井伊直弼が朝廷(天皇)の許可を得ないまま独断で日米修好通商条約を締結。これで自由貿易が始まったけど、日本にとってはめちゃくちゃ不利な不平等条約だった。
何が不平等かというと、まず領事裁判権(治外法権)。日本で罪を犯したアメリカ人を、日本の法律で裁けないんだ。アメリカの領事がアメリカの法律で裁くことになる。
さらに関税自主権がない。輸入品にかける税金を日本が自由に決められず、協定で決められた税率しか使えない。これで安い外国製品が大量に入ってきて、日本の生産者が大打撃を受けた。
💡 ココがポイント！ この2つの権利(領事裁判権と関税自主権)は、国の主権に関わる重要な問題だった！
2つの条約の違いと安政の五か国条約
テストでよく問われるから、2つの条約の違いをしっかり覚えておこう。日米和親条約(1854年)は鎖国を終わらせただけで、まだ貿易は始まっていない。日米修好通商条約(1858年)が自由貿易を開始した本格的な条約だ。
覚え方は簡単。「和親」はまず仲良くなるための条約、「修好通商」は本格的に付き合いと商売を始める条約って覚えればOK。
アメリカに続いて、オランダ、ロシア、イギリス、フランスとも同じような不平等な条約を結んだ。これらをまとめて安政の五か国条約と呼ぶんだ。
日本が開国した理由は単純明快。欧米諸国との軍事力の差があまりにも大きすぎたから。アヘン戦争の結果を見ていたし、ペリーの黒船の武力を目の当たりにして、戦争になったら確実に負けることが分かっていたんだ。
💡 ココがポイント！ 「和親→修好通商→五か国条約」の流れをセットで覚えよう！
開国がもたらした影響と混乱
開国によって日本国内は大混乱に陥った。まず経済面では、日本と外国で金と銀の交換比率が違ったため、日本の金が大量に海外に流出。生糸などの輸出品が品薄になって国内で値段が急上昇し、庶民の生活が苦しくなった。
政治面でも大問題が発生。朝廷の許可なく条約を結んだ井伊直弼に対して批判が集中した。「天皇を尊び、外国を追い払おう」という尊王攘夷運動が活発になり、これが後に幕府を倒す動きにつながっていく。
つまり、ペリーの来航から始まった開国は、単に外国と付き合いを始めただけじゃない。江戸幕府の権威を失墜させ、最終的に明治維新へとつながる大変革の出発点だったんだ。
君たちが今勉強している「開国」は、日本の歴史の大きな転換点。この後の幕末の動乱も、明治時代の近代化も、すべてはここから始まったと考えていい。
💡 ココがポイント！ 開国は経済・政治の両面で日本を大混乱に陥れ、幕末の動乱の火種になった！
We thought you’d never ask...
What is the Knowunity AI companion?
Our AI Companion is a student-focused AI tool that offers more than just answers. Built on millions of Knowunity resources, it provides relevant information, personalised study plans, quizzes, and content directly in the chat, adapting to your individual learning journey.
Where can I download the Knowunity app?
You can download the app from Google Play Store and Apple App Store.
Is Knowunity really free of charge?
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help – all at your fingertips.
Most popular content in 日本史探究
Most popular content
Can't find what you're looking for? Explore other subjects.
Students love us — and so will you.
4.6/5
App Store
4.7/5
Google Play
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE Knowunity AI. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE Knowunity AI. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
ペリー来航と日本の開国の歴史
江戸時代の終わり頃、アメリカのペリーが黒船でやってきて、200年以上続いた鎖国を終わらせることになった。この開国が、幕末の大混乱の始まりで、最終的に江戸幕府が倒れるきっかけにもなるんだ。
外国船の来航と鎖国政策の変化
君たちが知ってる通り、江戸時代の日本は鎖国をしていて、外国との付き合いをほとんど断っていた。でも19世紀に入ると、ロシアやイギリスの船が日本の近くをうろうろするようになって、幕府も対応に困り始めた。
最初は「異国船打払令」(1825年)で、外国船を見つけたら問答無用で攻撃して追い払えって命令を出していた。でも1842年のアヘン戦争で清国がイギリスにボロ負けしたのを見て、「これはヤバい、武力で対抗するのは危険すぎる」と気づいた。
そこで「薪水給与令」(1842年)に方針転換。遭難した外国船には燃料や水、食べ物を与えることにした。幕府も外国の軍事力の強さを理解し始めていたんだね。
💡 ココがポイント！ アヘン戦争の結果が、日本の外交政策を大きく変えるきっかけになった！
Sign up to see the contentIt's free!
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ペリー来航と日米和親条約
1853年、ついに運命の日がやってきた。アメリカ海軍のペリーが、黒船と呼ばれる蒸気船4隻を率いて浦賀に現れたんだ。煙をもくもく吐きながら進む黒い軍艦は、当時の日本人には衝撃的だった。
ペリーの目的は、アメリカの捕鯨船への補給と日本との貿易。大統領からの手紙を幕府に渡して開国を強く要求し、「来年また来るからね」と言い残して一度退去した。
翌1854年、ペリーが再来航。幕府は軍事力の差を痛感して、ついに要求を受け入れることにした。こうして日米和親条約が結ばれ、約200年続いた鎖国が終了。下田と箱館の2港を開いて、アメリカ船への物資補給を認めたんだ。
💡 ココがポイント！ この時点ではまだ貿易は始まってない。あくまで港を開いて補給を認めただけ！
Sign up to see the contentIt's free!
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
日米修好通商条約と不平等な内容
日米和親条約に基づいて、下田にアメリカ総領事のハリスがやってきた。ハリスは今度は本格的な貿易を始める条約を結ぶよう幕府に迫ったんだ。
1858年、大老の井伊直弼が朝廷(天皇)の許可を得ないまま独断で日米修好通商条約を締結。これで自由貿易が始まったけど、日本にとってはめちゃくちゃ不利な不平等条約だった。
何が不平等かというと、まず領事裁判権(治外法権)。日本で罪を犯したアメリカ人を、日本の法律で裁けないんだ。アメリカの領事がアメリカの法律で裁くことになる。
さらに関税自主権がない。輸入品にかける税金を日本が自由に決められず、協定で決められた税率しか使えない。これで安い外国製品が大量に入ってきて、日本の生産者が大打撃を受けた。
💡 ココがポイント！ この2つの権利(領事裁判権と関税自主権)は、国の主権に関わる重要な問題だった！
Sign up to see the contentIt's free!
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2つの条約の違いと安政の五か国条約
テストでよく問われるから、2つの条約の違いをしっかり覚えておこう。日米和親条約(1854年)は鎖国を終わらせただけで、まだ貿易は始まっていない。日米修好通商条約(1858年)が自由貿易を開始した本格的な条約だ。
覚え方は簡単。「和親」はまず仲良くなるための条約、「修好通商」は本格的に付き合いと商売を始める条約って覚えればOK。
アメリカに続いて、オランダ、ロシア、イギリス、フランスとも同じような不平等な条約を結んだ。これらをまとめて安政の五か国条約と呼ぶんだ。
日本が開国した理由は単純明快。欧米諸国との軍事力の差があまりにも大きすぎたから。アヘン戦争の結果を見ていたし、ペリーの黒船の武力を目の当たりにして、戦争になったら確実に負けることが分かっていたんだ。
💡 ココがポイント！ 「和親→修好通商→五か国条約」の流れをセットで覚えよう！
Sign up to see the contentIt's free!
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Improve your grades
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開国がもたらした影響と混乱
開国によって日本国内は大混乱に陥った。まず経済面では、日本と外国で金と銀の交換比率が違ったため、日本の金が大量に海外に流出。生糸などの輸出品が品薄になって国内で値段が急上昇し、庶民の生活が苦しくなった。
政治面でも大問題が発生。朝廷の許可なく条約を結んだ井伊直弼に対して批判が集中した。「天皇を尊び、外国を追い払おう」という尊王攘夷運動が活発になり、これが後に幕府を倒す動きにつながっていく。
つまり、ペリーの来航から始まった開国は、単に外国と付き合いを始めただけじゃない。江戸幕府の権威を失墜させ、最終的に明治維新へとつながる大変革の出発点だったんだ。
君たちが今勉強している「開国」は、日本の歴史の大きな転換点。この後の幕末の動乱も、明治時代の近代化も、すべてはここから始まったと考えていい。
💡 ココがポイント！ 開国は経済・政治の両面で日本を大混乱に陥れ、幕末の動乱の火種になった！
We thought you’d never ask...
What is the Knowunity AI companion?
Our AI Companion is a student-focused AI tool that offers more than just answers. Built on millions of Knowunity resources, it provides relevant information, personalised study plans, quizzes, and content directly in the chat, adapting to your individual learning journey.
Where can I download the Knowunity app?
You can download the app from Google Play Store and Apple App Store.
Is Knowunity really free of charge?
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help – all at your fingertips.
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Students love us — and so will you.
4.6/5
App Store
4.7/5
Google Play
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE Knowunity AI. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE Knowunity AI. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user