数学133 views·Updated Jun 9, 2026·1 page

多項式の式展開と因数分解のテクニック

数学で絶対に避けて通れない式の展開と因数分解について学んでいこう。この2つは正反対の計算だけど、どちらも高校数学の基礎中の基礎なんだ。

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# 式の展開と因数分解

1. Overview

式の展開と因数分解について学びます。式の展開は、分配法則を利用して、かっこをはずす計算のことです。因数分解は、展開の逆の計算で、いくつかの式の積の形に表すことです。展開と因数分解は、どちらも数学の基礎となる重要な計算です。しっか

式の展開と因数分解の基本

式の展開って聞くとなんか難しそうだけど、実は単純にかっこを外すだけの話なんだ。例えば $(x+1)(x+2)$ を $x^2 + 3x + 2$ にするのが展開。逆に $x^2 + 3x + 2$ を $(x+1)(x+2)$ にするのが因数分解だよ。

展開は分配法則 $a(b+c) = ab + ac$ を使うのが基本。 $(x+1)(x+2)$ なら、 $x$ を $(x+2)$ にかけて、$1 $を$ $x+2$ $にかけて足し合わせる感じ。

因数分解はその逆だから、展開の公式を覚えてしまえば自然とできるようになる。共通因数があるときは、それを先に外に出すのがコツだ。

重要ポイント: 展開と因数分解は表裏一体。片方ができればもう片方も必ずできる！

よく使う展開の公式は4つだけ覚えればOK。 $(x+a)(x+b) = x^2 + (a+b)x + ab$ 、 $(x+a)^2 = x^2 + 2ax + a^2$ 、 $(x-a)^2 = x^2 - 2ax + a^2$ 、 $(x+a)(x-a) = x^2 - a^2$ 。この4つがあれば大抵の問題は解けちゃう。

実際の問題では、まず共通因数がないかチェックして、それから公式を使って計算していく。慣れれば暗算でできるようになるから、最初は丁寧に練習していこう。

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