英語の準動詞（不定詞・動名詞・分詞）には基本形だけでなく、時制のズレや受け身を表すより複雑な形がある。これらをマスターすると、長文読解や英作文で表現の幅が劇的に広がるよ。
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Updated Mar 26, 2026
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準動詞の使い方：不定詞・動名詞・分詞の発展編
1 / 5
準動詞の発展的用法とは
中学で習った基本的な不定詞や動名詞だけでは表現しきれない、時制のズレや受け身の意味を表すのが発展的用法だ。特に「主節の動詞より前の時」を表す完了形（have + 過去分詞）が重要ポイントになる。
準動詞とは動詞から作られたもので、不定詞・動名詞・分詞の3つがある。文の述語動詞にはなれないけど、動詞の性質（目的語や補語をとる）は持っているんだ。
意味上の主語という概念も覚えておこう。これは準動詞が表す動作の主体のことで、文の主語と違う場合は明示する必要がある。
覚えておこう: 完了形（have + 過去分詞）を見たら「主節より前の時」と機械的に判断する習慣をつけよう！
不定詞の発展的用法
基本の「to + 動詞の原形」に加えて、3つの発展形がある。完了不定詞（to have + 過去分詞）は主節の動詞より前の時を表し、受動不定詞（to be + 過去分詞）は「〜される」という受け身を表す。
例えば「He seems to have been ill」なら、病気だったのは過去で、そう見えるのは現在という時制のズレを表している。これは「It seems that he was ill」と同じ意味だ。
完了受動不定詞（to have been + 過去分詞）は「前の時に受け身だったこと」を表す最も複雑な形。でも基本的な考え方は同じだから、慌てる必要はないよ。
動名詞の発展的用法
動名詞にも意味上の主語、完了形、受動態がある。意味上の主語は動名詞の直前に置くんだけど、所有格（my son's winning）がフォーマルで、目的格（him saying）が口語的だ。
完了動名詞（having + 過去分詞）も主節の動詞より前の時を表す。「He is ashamed of having told a lie」なら、嘘をついたのは過去、恥じているのは現在という関係になる。
受動動名詞（being + 過去分詞）は「〜されること」を表す。「I don't like being treated like a child」のように、自分が何かをされる状況を表現するときに使うんだ。
テストのコツ: 動名詞の意味上の主語は、所有格と目的格どちらでも正解になることが多い。文脈で判断しよう！
分詞構文の発展的用法
分詞構文は接続詞と主語を省略して文を簡潔にする構文だ。完了形の分詞構文（Having + 過去分詞）は主節の動作より前に完了した動作を表す。
受動態の分詞構文では「Being」がよく省略される。「(Being) Written in simple English, this book is easy」のように、過去分詞だけで始まることが多いから注意が必要だ。
独立分詞構文は分詞の意味上の主語と主節の主語が違うときに使う。「The sun having set, we started for home」のように、分詞の前に意味上の主語を置くのがポイントだ。
実践例文で理解を深めよう
「She is proud of having been chosen as the leader」を分析してみよう。動名詞「having been chosen」は完了形+受動態で、リーダーに選ばれたのは過去、誇りに思っているのは現在という時制のズレを表している。
「The wallet is believed to have been stolen on the train」では、不定詞「to have been stolen」が使われている。財布が盗まれたのは過去で、信じられているのは現在だ。
これらの例文は「It is believed that the wallet was stolen」のように、that節を使って書き換えることもできる。両方の形を覚えておくと、英作文で表現の選択肢が広がるよ。
実戦テクニック: 複雑に見える文も、まず時制のズレを確認してから意味を考えると理解しやすくなる！
テストで注意すべきポイント
時制のズレを意識することが最重要だ。「to have + 過去分詞」や「having + 過去分詞」を見たら、必ず主節の動詞との時間関係を確認しよう。「主節より前」と機械的に覚えるのがコツだ。
分詞構文では、分詞の意味上の主語が主節の主語と一致するかを最初にチェックする。一致しない場合は独立分詞構文を疑おう。
受動態か能動態かの判断も重要だ。意味上の主語が「〜する」のか「〜される」のかを考えて、正しい形を選ぶ。特に分詞構文で過去分詞から始まる形は受動態なので注意が必要だよ。
重要ポイントのまとめ
不定詞では「to have + 過去分詞」で主節より前の時、「to be + 過去分詞」で受け身、「to have been + 過去分詞」で前の時の受け身を表す。これらの組み合わせを覚えておけば完璧だ。
動名詞は意味上の主語を直前に置き（所有格or目的格）、「having + 過去分詞」で主節より前の時、「being + 過去分詞」で受け身を表す。基本的な考え方は不定詞と同じだよ。
分詞構文では「Having + 過去分詞」で主節より前の時、過去分詞で始まる形で受け身を表す。主語が違う場合は独立分詞構文として、意味上の主語を分詞の前に置くことを忘れずに。
最終チェック: 長文読解で複雑な準動詞が出てきても、「時制のズレ」「受け身」「意味上の主語」の3つのポイントを確認すれば必ず理解できる！
君ならこれらの用法をマスターして、英語表現の幅を大きく広げられるはずだ。最初は複雑に感じるかもしれないけど、基本的なルールは意外とシンプルだから安心して取り組んでみよう。
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Where can I download the Knowunity app?
You can download the app from Google Play Store and Apple App Store.
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Most popular content in 英語表現
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Students love us — and so will you.
4.6/5
App Store
4.7/5
Google Play
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE Knowunity AI. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE Knowunity AI. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
準動詞の使い方：不定詞・動名詞・分詞の発展編
英語の準動詞（不定詞・動名詞・分詞）には基本形だけでなく、時制のズレや受け身を表すより複雑な形がある。これらをマスターすると、長文読解や英作文で表現の幅が劇的に広がるよ。
準動詞の発展的用法とは
中学で習った基本的な不定詞や動名詞だけでは表現しきれない、時制のズレや受け身の意味を表すのが発展的用法だ。特に「主節の動詞より前の時」を表す完了形（have + 過去分詞）が重要ポイントになる。
準動詞とは動詞から作られたもので、不定詞・動名詞・分詞の3つがある。文の述語動詞にはなれないけど、動詞の性質（目的語や補語をとる）は持っているんだ。
意味上の主語という概念も覚えておこう。これは準動詞が表す動作の主体のことで、文の主語と違う場合は明示する必要がある。
覚えておこう: 完了形（have + 過去分詞）を見たら「主節より前の時」と機械的に判断する習慣をつけよう！
不定詞の発展的用法
基本の「to + 動詞の原形」に加えて、3つの発展形がある。完了不定詞（to have + 過去分詞）は主節の動詞より前の時を表し、受動不定詞（to be + 過去分詞）は「〜される」という受け身を表す。
例えば「He seems to have been ill」なら、病気だったのは過去で、そう見えるのは現在という時制のズレを表している。これは「It seems that he was ill」と同じ意味だ。
完了受動不定詞（to have been + 過去分詞）は「前の時に受け身だったこと」を表す最も複雑な形。でも基本的な考え方は同じだから、慌てる必要はないよ。
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動名詞の発展的用法
動名詞にも意味上の主語、完了形、受動態がある。意味上の主語は動名詞の直前に置くんだけど、所有格（my son's winning）がフォーマルで、目的格（him saying）が口語的だ。
完了動名詞（having + 過去分詞）も主節の動詞より前の時を表す。「He is ashamed of having told a lie」なら、嘘をついたのは過去、恥じているのは現在という関係になる。
受動動名詞（being + 過去分詞）は「〜されること」を表す。「I don't like being treated like a child」のように、自分が何かをされる状況を表現するときに使うんだ。
テストのコツ: 動名詞の意味上の主語は、所有格と目的格どちらでも正解になることが多い。文脈で判断しよう！
分詞構文の発展的用法
分詞構文は接続詞と主語を省略して文を簡潔にする構文だ。完了形の分詞構文（Having + 過去分詞）は主節の動作より前に完了した動作を表す。
受動態の分詞構文では「Being」がよく省略される。「(Being) Written in simple English, this book is easy」のように、過去分詞だけで始まることが多いから注意が必要だ。
独立分詞構文は分詞の意味上の主語と主節の主語が違うときに使う。「The sun having set, we started for home」のように、分詞の前に意味上の主語を置くのがポイントだ。
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実践例文で理解を深めよう
「She is proud of having been chosen as the leader」を分析してみよう。動名詞「having been chosen」は完了形+受動態で、リーダーに選ばれたのは過去、誇りに思っているのは現在という時制のズレを表している。
「The wallet is believed to have been stolen on the train」では、不定詞「to have been stolen」が使われている。財布が盗まれたのは過去で、信じられているのは現在だ。
これらの例文は「It is believed that the wallet was stolen」のように、that節を使って書き換えることもできる。両方の形を覚えておくと、英作文で表現の選択肢が広がるよ。
実戦テクニック: 複雑に見える文も、まず時制のズレを確認してから意味を考えると理解しやすくなる！
テストで注意すべきポイント
時制のズレを意識することが最重要だ。「to have + 過去分詞」や「having + 過去分詞」を見たら、必ず主節の動詞との時間関係を確認しよう。「主節より前」と機械的に覚えるのがコツだ。
分詞構文では、分詞の意味上の主語が主節の主語と一致するかを最初にチェックする。一致しない場合は独立分詞構文を疑おう。
受動態か能動態かの判断も重要だ。意味上の主語が「〜する」のか「〜される」のかを考えて、正しい形を選ぶ。特に分詞構文で過去分詞から始まる形は受動態なので注意が必要だよ。
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重要ポイントのまとめ
不定詞では「to have + 過去分詞」で主節より前の時、「to be + 過去分詞」で受け身、「to have been + 過去分詞」で前の時の受け身を表す。これらの組み合わせを覚えておけば完璧だ。
動名詞は意味上の主語を直前に置き（所有格or目的格）、「having + 過去分詞」で主節より前の時、「being + 過去分詞」で受け身を表す。基本的な考え方は不定詞と同じだよ。
分詞構文では「Having + 過去分詞」で主節より前の時、過去分詞で始まる形で受け身を表す。主語が違う場合は独立分詞構文として、意味上の主語を分詞の前に置くことを忘れずに。
最終チェック: 長文読解で複雑な準動詞が出てきても、「時制のズレ」「受け身」「意味上の主語」の3つのポイントを確認すれば必ず理解できる！
君ならこれらの用法をマスターして、英語表現の幅を大きく広げられるはずだ。最初は複雑に感じるかもしれないけど、基本的なルールは意外とシンプルだから安心して取り組んでみよう。
Sign up to see the contentIt's free!
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
We thought you’d never ask...
What is the Knowunity AI companion?
Our AI Companion is a student-focused AI tool that offers more than just answers. Built on millions of Knowunity resources, it provides relevant information, personalised study plans, quizzes, and content directly in the chat, adapting to your individual learning journey.
Where can I download the Knowunity app?
You can download the app from Google Play Store and Apple App Store.
Is Knowunity really free of charge?
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help – all at your fingertips.
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4.6/5
App Store
4.7/5
Google Play
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE Knowunity AI. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE Knowunity AI. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user