平安時代が終わると、いよいよ武士が主役の時代がやってきたよ。源頼朝が作った鎌倉幕府は、日本で初めての武士の政府だったんだ。そして、この時代には外国から日本が攻められるという大事件「元寇」も起きたよ。
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Updated May 4, 2026
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鎌倉幕府と元寇の歴史
1 / 5
鎌倉幕府の始まりと大事な用語
平清盛の平氏を倒した源頼朝が、1192年に征夷大将軍になって鎌倉に開いた政府が鎌倉幕府だよ。「いい国作ろう鎌倉幕府」って覚え方、聞いたことあるよね？
この時代の一番大切なしくみが**「御恩と奉公」という関係なんだ。将軍が御家人**（武士の家来）に土地をあげるのが「御恩」で、御家人が将軍のために戦うのが「奉公」だよ。お互いにメリットがあるから、みんな頑張って働いたんだね。
頼朝が亡くなった後は、奥さんの北条政子の一族が執権という役職について実際の政治を動かすようになったよ。全国には守護と地頭を置いて、軍事や土地の管理をさせたんだ。
ポイント：「御恩と奉公」は鎌倉幕府を支える一番大事な関係だから、絶対覚えておこう！
鎌倉幕府の政治システム
源頼朝は武士が政治をするための新しいしくみを鎌倉に作ったよ。幕府には3つの重要な役所があったんだ。
侍所は御家人をまとめる役所、政所は政治やお金の管理をする役所、問注所は裁判をする役所だった。これで武士たちがきちんと政治を行えるようになったんだね。
頼朝の死後は、息子の頼家や実朝が将軍になったけど力が弱かった。そこで北条氏が執権政治を始めて、実際の政治を動かすようになったよ。北条時政や北条政子が中心になって、幕府を支えていったんだ。
**ポイント：**将軍はトップだけど、実際の政治は執権の北条氏が行っていたことを覚えておこう！
元寇 - 外国からの大きな脅威
13世紀になると、中国を支配していた元の皇帝フビライ・ハンが日本に「従え」という手紙を送ってきたよ。でも執権の北条時宗は、日本の独立を守るためにこの要求を断ったんだ。
怒った元は2回も日本を攻めてきた。1回目が1274年の文永の役だよ。元と高麗の連合軍約3万人が九州北部に上陸して、てつはうという火薬の武器で日本の武士を苦しめた。でも暴風雨で元軍は引き上げていったんだ。
2回目が1281年の弘安の役。今度は約14万人の大軍で攻めてきたよ。幕府は博多湾に防塁という石の壁を築いて準備していた。日本の武士たちは前回より上手に戦ったけど、またしても大きな暴風雨が元軍を襲って、多くの船が沈んだんだ。
**ポイント：**この風を「神風」と呼んで、神様が日本を守ってくれたと考えられたよ！
元寇後の問題と幕府の衰退
日本は元寇に勝ったけど、実は幕府にとって大変なことになったんだ。戦争でお金をたくさん使ったし、外国との戦いだから新しい土地も手に入らなかった。
一番の問題は、命がけで戦った御家人たちに十分な**御恩（ほうび）**をあげられなかったことだよ。今までは戦いに勝つと敵の土地がもらえたけど、元寇では何ももらえなかった。御家人たちは「こんなに頑張ったのに...」って不満を持つようになったんだ。
幕府は徳政令という法律を出して、御家人が売った土地をタダで取り返せるようにした。でもこれで経済が混乱して、商人がお金を貸してくれなくなり、御家人の生活はもっと苦しくなっちゃった。こうして「御恩と奉公」の関係が崩れて、鎌倉幕府の力はどんどん弱くなっていったよ。
**ポイント：**元寇に勝ったのに幕府が弱くなるなんて、皮肉だよね。この流れはテストでよく出るから要注意！
テスト対策とまとめ
テストでよく出るポイントをまとめておくね。まず1192年に源頼朝が征夷大将軍になって鎌倉幕府を開いたこと、「御恩と奉公」の関係、北条氏の執権政治は絶対覚えよう。
元寇については、執権が北条時宗、元の皇帝がフビライ・ハン、2回の戦いが文永の役と弘安の役だったことを押さえておこう。特に「元寇に勝ったのに幕府が弱くなった理由」は、テストで説明問題として出やすいよ。
鎌倉時代は日本で初めて武士が政治の中心になった大切な時代だった。御家人と将軍の強い結びつきで成り立っていたけど、元寇をきっかけにその関係が崩れ始めたんだ。歴史って、勝ったからといって必ずしも良いことばかりじゃないってことがよく分かるよね。
**ポイント：**年号と人物名、そして出来事の因果関係をセットで覚えると、テストで応用問題が出ても大丈夫！
We thought you’d never ask...
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Where can I download the Knowunity app?
You can download the app from Google Play Store and Apple App Store.
Is Knowunity really free of charge?
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The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE Knowunity AI. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE Knowunity AI. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
鎌倉幕府と元寇の歴史
平安時代が終わると、いよいよ武士が主役の時代がやってきたよ。源頼朝が作った鎌倉幕府は、日本で初めての武士の政府だったんだ。そして、この時代には外国から日本が攻められるという大事件「元寇」も起きたよ。
鎌倉幕府の始まりと大事な用語
平清盛の平氏を倒した源頼朝が、1192年に征夷大将軍になって鎌倉に開いた政府が鎌倉幕府だよ。「いい国作ろう鎌倉幕府」って覚え方、聞いたことあるよね？
この時代の一番大切なしくみが**「御恩と奉公」という関係なんだ。将軍が御家人**（武士の家来）に土地をあげるのが「御恩」で、御家人が将軍のために戦うのが「奉公」だよ。お互いにメリットがあるから、みんな頑張って働いたんだね。
頼朝が亡くなった後は、奥さんの北条政子の一族が執権という役職について実際の政治を動かすようになったよ。全国には守護と地頭を置いて、軍事や土地の管理をさせたんだ。
ポイント：「御恩と奉公」は鎌倉幕府を支える一番大事な関係だから、絶対覚えておこう！
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鎌倉幕府の政治システム
源頼朝は武士が政治をするための新しいしくみを鎌倉に作ったよ。幕府には3つの重要な役所があったんだ。
侍所は御家人をまとめる役所、政所は政治やお金の管理をする役所、問注所は裁判をする役所だった。これで武士たちがきちんと政治を行えるようになったんだね。
頼朝の死後は、息子の頼家や実朝が将軍になったけど力が弱かった。そこで北条氏が執権政治を始めて、実際の政治を動かすようになったよ。北条時政や北条政子が中心になって、幕府を支えていったんだ。
**ポイント：**将軍はトップだけど、実際の政治は執権の北条氏が行っていたことを覚えておこう！
Sign up to see the contentIt's free!
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元寇 - 外国からの大きな脅威
13世紀になると、中国を支配していた元の皇帝フビライ・ハンが日本に「従え」という手紙を送ってきたよ。でも執権の北条時宗は、日本の独立を守るためにこの要求を断ったんだ。
怒った元は2回も日本を攻めてきた。1回目が1274年の文永の役だよ。元と高麗の連合軍約3万人が九州北部に上陸して、てつはうという火薬の武器で日本の武士を苦しめた。でも暴風雨で元軍は引き上げていったんだ。
2回目が1281年の弘安の役。今度は約14万人の大軍で攻めてきたよ。幕府は博多湾に防塁という石の壁を築いて準備していた。日本の武士たちは前回より上手に戦ったけど、またしても大きな暴風雨が元軍を襲って、多くの船が沈んだんだ。
**ポイント：**この風を「神風」と呼んで、神様が日本を守ってくれたと考えられたよ！
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元寇後の問題と幕府の衰退
日本は元寇に勝ったけど、実は幕府にとって大変なことになったんだ。戦争でお金をたくさん使ったし、外国との戦いだから新しい土地も手に入らなかった。
一番の問題は、命がけで戦った御家人たちに十分な**御恩（ほうび）**をあげられなかったことだよ。今までは戦いに勝つと敵の土地がもらえたけど、元寇では何ももらえなかった。御家人たちは「こんなに頑張ったのに...」って不満を持つようになったんだ。
幕府は徳政令という法律を出して、御家人が売った土地をタダで取り返せるようにした。でもこれで経済が混乱して、商人がお金を貸してくれなくなり、御家人の生活はもっと苦しくなっちゃった。こうして「御恩と奉公」の関係が崩れて、鎌倉幕府の力はどんどん弱くなっていったよ。
**ポイント：**元寇に勝ったのに幕府が弱くなるなんて、皮肉だよね。この流れはテストでよく出るから要注意！
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テスト対策とまとめ
テストでよく出るポイントをまとめておくね。まず1192年に源頼朝が征夷大将軍になって鎌倉幕府を開いたこと、「御恩と奉公」の関係、北条氏の執権政治は絶対覚えよう。
元寇については、執権が北条時宗、元の皇帝がフビライ・ハン、2回の戦いが文永の役と弘安の役だったことを押さえておこう。特に「元寇に勝ったのに幕府が弱くなった理由」は、テストで説明問題として出やすいよ。
鎌倉時代は日本で初めて武士が政治の中心になった大切な時代だった。御家人と将軍の強い結びつきで成り立っていたけど、元寇をきっかけにその関係が崩れ始めたんだ。歴史って、勝ったからといって必ずしも良いことばかりじゃないってことがよく分かるよね。
**ポイント：**年号と人物名、そして出来事の因果関係をセットで覚えると、テストで応用問題が出ても大丈夫！
We thought you’d never ask...
What is the Knowunity AI companion?
Our AI Companion is a student-focused AI tool that offers more than just answers. Built on millions of Knowunity resources, it provides relevant information, personalised study plans, quizzes, and content directly in the chat, adapting to your individual learning journey.
Where can I download the Knowunity app?
You can download the app from Google Play Store and Apple App Store.
Is Knowunity really free of charge?
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help – all at your fingertips.
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4.6/5
App Store
4.7/5
Google Play
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE Knowunity AI. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE Knowunity AI. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user