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World war two & the holocaust
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18
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Stefany
30/08/2025
Geography
Tectonic hazards notes
423
•
30 Aug 2025
•
Stefany
@stef_mvp
Tectonic plates, earthquakes, and volcanoes shape our planet's surface and... Show more
Volcanoes form at specific plate boundaries and hotspots due to the movement of magma through the Earth's crust.
At destructive margins, when an oceanic plate is subducted into the mantle, it melts and forms a pool of magma. This magma rises through cracks in the crust called vents and erupts onto the surface as lava, forming a volcano.
At constructive margins, magma rises into the gap between separating plates, forming volcanoes as it settles.
Definition: Hotspots are areas where volcanoes form over particularly hot parts of the mantle, often away from plate boundaries.
Volcanic eruptions release lava, gas, and ash. Ash can cover land, block out the sun, and form pyroclastic flows, which are superheated currents of gas, ash, and rock.
Vocabulary: Pyroclastic flows are one of the most dangerous aspects of volcanic eruptions, capable of traveling at high speeds and destroying everything in their path.
Earthquakes occur at all three types of plate boundaries due to the buildup and sudden release of tension:
When plates eventually jerk past each other, they send out shock waves, causing an earthquake.
Vocabulary: The focus is the point within the Earth where an earthquake originates, while the epicenter is the point on the Earth's surface directly above the focus.
Earthquakes are measured using the moment magnitude scale, which measures the amount of energy released. This scale is logarithmic, meaning that each whole number increase represents a tenfold increase in magnitude.
Example: An earthquake with a magnitude of 7 is ten times stronger than one with a magnitude of 6, and 100 times stronger than one with a magnitude of 5.
Despite the risks, many people choose to live in tectonically active areas for various reasons:
Management strategies for tectonic hazards include:
Highlight: Automatic shut-off switches for gas and electricity supplies are crucial in preventing fires following earthquakes.
Volcanoes are primarily found along destructive plate margins but also occur at constructive and conservative plate margins. Some, like those in Hawaii, are found away from plate margins due to hotspots.
Example: Volcanoes form at constructive margins because as plates pull apart, magma rises into the gap and erupts at the surface.
The impact of tectonic hazards can vary significantly between Low Income Countries (LICs) and High Income Countries (HICs). In LICs, the death toll from earthquakes is often higher due to:
Highlight: The economic disparity between LICs and HICs plays a crucial role in their ability to prepare for, respond to, and recover from tectonic hazards.
The Earth's outer layer, or crust, is divided into large slabs called tectonic plates that float on the semi-molten mantle beneath. These plates move due to convection currents in the mantle, creating various types of boundaries where they meet.
Vocabulary: Convection currents are the circular motion of heated fluids, in this case, within the Earth's mantle.
There are significant differences between oceanic and continental crust:
Highlight: Oceanic crust is thinner (5-10km) and denser, while continental crust is thicker (30-50km) and less dense.
The three main types of plate boundaries are:
Destructive Margins: Two plates move towards each other. When oceanic crust meets continental crust, the denser oceanic plate is subducted into the mantle and destroyed, often creating volcanoes and ocean trenches. When two continental plates collide, the ground is folded and forced upwards, creating mountain ranges.
Constructive Margins: Two plates move away from each other, such as at the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Magma rises from the mantle to fill the gaps, cooling to create new crust.
Conservative Margins: Two plates move sideways past each other or in the same direction at different speeds. Crust is neither created nor destroyed at these boundaries.
Example: The San Andreas Fault in California is a well-known conservative margin where the Pacific Plate and the North American Plate slide past each other.
Our AI Companion is a student-focused AI tool that offers more than just answers. Built on millions of Knowunity resources, it provides relevant information, personalised study plans, quizzes, and content directly in the chat, adapting to your individual learning journey.
You can download the app from Google Play Store and Apple App Store.
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help – all at your fingertips.
App Store
Google Play
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
Stefany
@stef_mvp
Tectonic plates, earthquakes, and volcanoes shape our planet's surface and pose significant hazards to human populations. This summary explores the fundamental concepts of plate tectonics, the formation of volcanoes, and the causes and measurement of earthquakes. It also discusses the... Show more
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Volcanoes form at specific plate boundaries and hotspots due to the movement of magma through the Earth's crust.
At destructive margins, when an oceanic plate is subducted into the mantle, it melts and forms a pool of magma. This magma rises through cracks in the crust called vents and erupts onto the surface as lava, forming a volcano.
At constructive margins, magma rises into the gap between separating plates, forming volcanoes as it settles.
Definition: Hotspots are areas where volcanoes form over particularly hot parts of the mantle, often away from plate boundaries.
Volcanic eruptions release lava, gas, and ash. Ash can cover land, block out the sun, and form pyroclastic flows, which are superheated currents of gas, ash, and rock.
Vocabulary: Pyroclastic flows are one of the most dangerous aspects of volcanic eruptions, capable of traveling at high speeds and destroying everything in their path.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Earthquakes occur at all three types of plate boundaries due to the buildup and sudden release of tension:
When plates eventually jerk past each other, they send out shock waves, causing an earthquake.
Vocabulary: The focus is the point within the Earth where an earthquake originates, while the epicenter is the point on the Earth's surface directly above the focus.
Earthquakes are measured using the moment magnitude scale, which measures the amount of energy released. This scale is logarithmic, meaning that each whole number increase represents a tenfold increase in magnitude.
Example: An earthquake with a magnitude of 7 is ten times stronger than one with a magnitude of 6, and 100 times stronger than one with a magnitude of 5.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Despite the risks, many people choose to live in tectonically active areas for various reasons:
Management strategies for tectonic hazards include:
Highlight: Automatic shut-off switches for gas and electricity supplies are crucial in preventing fires following earthquakes.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Volcanoes are primarily found along destructive plate margins but also occur at constructive and conservative plate margins. Some, like those in Hawaii, are found away from plate margins due to hotspots.
Example: Volcanoes form at constructive margins because as plates pull apart, magma rises into the gap and erupts at the surface.
The impact of tectonic hazards can vary significantly between Low Income Countries (LICs) and High Income Countries (HICs). In LICs, the death toll from earthquakes is often higher due to:
Highlight: The economic disparity between LICs and HICs plays a crucial role in their ability to prepare for, respond to, and recover from tectonic hazards.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
The Earth's outer layer, or crust, is divided into large slabs called tectonic plates that float on the semi-molten mantle beneath. These plates move due to convection currents in the mantle, creating various types of boundaries where they meet.
Vocabulary: Convection currents are the circular motion of heated fluids, in this case, within the Earth's mantle.
There are significant differences between oceanic and continental crust:
Highlight: Oceanic crust is thinner (5-10km) and denser, while continental crust is thicker (30-50km) and less dense.
The three main types of plate boundaries are:
Destructive Margins: Two plates move towards each other. When oceanic crust meets continental crust, the denser oceanic plate is subducted into the mantle and destroyed, often creating volcanoes and ocean trenches. When two continental plates collide, the ground is folded and forced upwards, creating mountain ranges.
Constructive Margins: Two plates move away from each other, such as at the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Magma rises from the mantle to fill the gaps, cooling to create new crust.
Conservative Margins: Two plates move sideways past each other or in the same direction at different speeds. Crust is neither created nor destroyed at these boundaries.
Example: The San Andreas Fault in California is a well-known conservative margin where the Pacific Plate and the North American Plate slide past each other.
Our AI Companion is a student-focused AI tool that offers more than just answers. Built on millions of Knowunity resources, it provides relevant information, personalised study plans, quizzes, and content directly in the chat, adapting to your individual learning journey.
You can download the app from Google Play Store and Apple App Store.
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help – all at your fingertips.
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The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
