Acid Rain and Its Impacts
Acid rain is a significant environmental issue with far-reaching consequences. This section explores the causes and impacts of acid rain on both living and non-living entities.
Definition: Acid rain is precipitation that has become acidic due to atmospheric pollution, primarily from the combustion of fossil fuels and emission of photochemical smog.
The effects of acid rain on buildings and monuments are particularly severe. Limestone structures are especially vulnerable, as the acidic rain dissolves their surface layer. Metal structures such as railways, water pipes, and overhead power lines are also susceptible to damage from acid rain.
Example: The deterioration of historic buildings and monuments in cities with high pollution levels is a visible consequence of acid rain.
The acid rain effects on the environment extend to living organisms as well. Lichens, which are composite organisms formed from algae and fungi, are particularly sensitive to acidic conditions. Their size, health, and abundance can serve as indicators of sulphur dioxide levels in the environment.
Highlight: The impact of acid rain on soil pH and nutrient availability can lead to toxic levels of copper and zinc, further affecting plant and animal life.
The acid rain effects on humans are primarily indirect, through damage to the environment and food sources. However, direct effects can include:
- Protein damage: Low pH can denature proteins in cell membranes and inhibit enzyme action.
- Damage to exoskeletons: Invertebrates with calcium-based exoskeletons may die as acids dissolve these protective structures.
- Respiratory issues: When combined with sulphur dioxide, acid rain can exacerbate breathing difficulties and increase the frequency of respiratory problems.
Vocabulary: Denaturation - The process by which proteins lose their structure, potentially leading to loss of function.