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How Proteins and Lipids Work: Fun with Building Blocks and Energy!

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carys

18/10/2023

Biology

Unit 1 as level : protein and lipids

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Biological molecules

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Proteins

How Proteins and Lipids Work: Fun with Building Blocks and Energy!

A comprehensive guide to protein and lipid structures, focusing on their molecular composition, formation, and biological functions. The text explores how protein polymer structure and function are determined by amino acid sequences and various structural levels, while lipids serve crucial roles in lipid energy storage and insulation.

Key points:

  • Proteins are formed through amino acid polymerization via condensation reactions
  • Lipids serve multiple functions including energy storage, insulation, and membrane formation
  • Protein structure exists in four hierarchical levels, from primary to quaternary
  • Amino acid sequence and protein folding determine the final protein structure and function
  • Denaturation can occur through various factors including temperature and pH changes
...

18/10/2023

105

Proteins: -polymers whose molecules are made from many. amino acids -joined together. /several polypeptide chains amino acid: amino [FL H gr

View

Page 2: Lipids and Their Properties

This page explores the characteristics and importance of lipids in biological systems. Lipids are crucial organic molecules that serve multiple functions in living organisms.

Highlight: Lipids contain more energy per gram than carbohydrates and proteins, making them efficient energy storage molecules.

Definition: Fats are lipids that are solid at room temperature, while oils are liquid at room temperature.

Example: Glycerol C3H8O3C₃H₈O₃ combines with fatty acids to form more complex lipids.

Proteins: -polymers whose molecules are made from many. amino acids -joined together. /several polypeptide chains amino acid: amino [FL H gr

View

Page 3: Triglycerides and Phospholipids

This page details the structure and formation of triglycerides and phospholipids, emphasizing their molecular composition and behavior in aqueous environments.

Definition: Phospholipids are modified triglycerides where one fatty acid chain is replaced with a phosphate group.

Highlight: Phospholipids have both hydrophilic water−lovingwater-loving heads and hydrophobic water−fearingwater-fearing tails, crucial for cell membrane formation.

Example: When mixed with water, phospholipids can form structures called micelles, with heads facing water and tails clustering together.

Proteins: -polymers whose molecules are made from many. amino acids -joined together. /several polypeptide chains amino acid: amino [FL H gr

View

Page 4: Lipid Functions and Organization

This page explores the various biological functions of lipids and their organizational structures in cellular systems.

Definition: A phospholipid bilayer is a double layer of phospholipids that forms the foundation of cell membranes.

Highlight: Lipids serve multiple crucial functions including protection of organs, thermal insulation, energy storage, and hormone production.

Example: Liposomes are spherical structures formed by phospholipid bilayers that trap water in their center.

Proteins: -polymers whose molecules are made from many. amino acids -joined together. /several polypeptide chains amino acid: amino [FL H gr

View

Page 5: Protein Structure Levels

This page details the four levels of protein structure and their importance in determining protein function.

Definition: Primary structure refers to the sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain.

Vocabulary: Alpha helix - A spiral structure held together by hydrogen bonds. Beta strand - An almost straight chain structure that can form pleated sheets.

Highlight: The tertiary structure creates unique active sites in enzymes through various types of bonds between R groups.

Proteins: -polymers whose molecules are made from many. amino acids -joined together. /several polypeptide chains amino acid: amino [FL H gr

View

Page 6: Advanced Protein Structure

This page explores quaternary protein structure and distinguishes between globular and fibrous proteins.

Example: Hemoglobin, with its four polypeptide chains, exemplifies quaternary structure.

Definition: Globular proteins are water-soluble and include antibodies and hemoglobin, while fibrous proteins form tough, insoluble structures found in connective tissue.

Highlight: The final 3D structure of proteins can be either globular or fibrous, each with distinct properties and functions.

Proteins: -polymers whose molecules are made from many. amino acids -joined together. /several polypeptide chains amino acid: amino [FL H gr

View

Page 7: Protein Denaturation

This page explains how proteins can lose their structure through various denaturing conditions.

Definition: Denaturation is the process where a protein's structure changes when the bonds maintaining its shape are broken.

Example: Hair perming involves breaking disulfide bonds to reshape protein structure.

Highlight: Different factors can cause denaturation, including high temperatures, extreme pH, and reducing agents.

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Biology

Biological molecules

Proteins

 

Biology

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105

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18 Oct 2023

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7 pages

How Proteins and Lipids Work: Fun with Building Blocks and Energy!

user profile picture

carys

@carys_xewj

A comprehensive guide to protein and lipid structures, focusing on their molecular composition, formation, and biological functions. The text explores how protein polymer structure and functionare determined by amino acid sequences and various structural levels, while lipids serve crucial... Show more

Proteins: -polymers whose molecules are made from many. amino acids -joined together. /several polypeptide chains amino acid: amino [FL H gr

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Page 2: Lipids and Their Properties

This page explores the characteristics and importance of lipids in biological systems. Lipids are crucial organic molecules that serve multiple functions in living organisms.

Highlight: Lipids contain more energy per gram than carbohydrates and proteins, making them efficient energy storage molecules.

Definition: Fats are lipids that are solid at room temperature, while oils are liquid at room temperature.

Example: Glycerol C3H8O3C₃H₈O₃ combines with fatty acids to form more complex lipids.

Proteins: -polymers whose molecules are made from many. amino acids -joined together. /several polypeptide chains amino acid: amino [FL H gr

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Page 3: Triglycerides and Phospholipids

This page details the structure and formation of triglycerides and phospholipids, emphasizing their molecular composition and behavior in aqueous environments.

Definition: Phospholipids are modified triglycerides where one fatty acid chain is replaced with a phosphate group.

Highlight: Phospholipids have both hydrophilic water−lovingwater-loving heads and hydrophobic water−fearingwater-fearing tails, crucial for cell membrane formation.

Example: When mixed with water, phospholipids can form structures called micelles, with heads facing water and tails clustering together.

Proteins: -polymers whose molecules are made from many. amino acids -joined together. /several polypeptide chains amino acid: amino [FL H gr

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Page 4: Lipid Functions and Organization

This page explores the various biological functions of lipids and their organizational structures in cellular systems.

Definition: A phospholipid bilayer is a double layer of phospholipids that forms the foundation of cell membranes.

Highlight: Lipids serve multiple crucial functions including protection of organs, thermal insulation, energy storage, and hormone production.

Example: Liposomes are spherical structures formed by phospholipid bilayers that trap water in their center.

Proteins: -polymers whose molecules are made from many. amino acids -joined together. /several polypeptide chains amino acid: amino [FL H gr

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Page 5: Protein Structure Levels

This page details the four levels of protein structure and their importance in determining protein function.

Definition: Primary structure refers to the sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain.

Vocabulary: Alpha helix - A spiral structure held together by hydrogen bonds. Beta strand - An almost straight chain structure that can form pleated sheets.

Highlight: The tertiary structure creates unique active sites in enzymes through various types of bonds between R groups.

Proteins: -polymers whose molecules are made from many. amino acids -joined together. /several polypeptide chains amino acid: amino [FL H gr

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Page 6: Advanced Protein Structure

This page explores quaternary protein structure and distinguishes between globular and fibrous proteins.

Example: Hemoglobin, with its four polypeptide chains, exemplifies quaternary structure.

Definition: Globular proteins are water-soluble and include antibodies and hemoglobin, while fibrous proteins form tough, insoluble structures found in connective tissue.

Highlight: The final 3D structure of proteins can be either globular or fibrous, each with distinct properties and functions.

Proteins: -polymers whose molecules are made from many. amino acids -joined together. /several polypeptide chains amino acid: amino [FL H gr

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Page 7: Protein Denaturation

This page explains how proteins can lose their structure through various denaturing conditions.

Definition: Denaturation is the process where a protein's structure changes when the bonds maintaining its shape are broken.

Example: Hair perming involves breaking disulfide bonds to reshape protein structure.

Highlight: Different factors can cause denaturation, including high temperatures, extreme pH, and reducing agents.

Proteins: -polymers whose molecules are made from many. amino acids -joined together. /several polypeptide chains amino acid: amino [FL H gr

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Page 1: Protein Formation and Structure

This page introduces the fundamental building blocks of proteins and their formation process. Proteins are polymers composed of amino acids joined through condensation reactions to form polypeptide chains.

Definition: A polypeptide is a single chain of amino acids formed through condensation reactions, with one end containing a free amino group and the other a free carboxyl group.

Example: Glycine and alanine are examples of amino acids that can join to form dipeptides and eventually polypeptides.

Vocabulary: Condensation reaction - A chemical reaction where two molecules combine to form a larger molecule, releasing water as a byproduct.

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Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.

Anna

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Thomas R

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Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.

Basil

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This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.

David K

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Sudenaz Ocak

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In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.

Greenlight Bonnie

Android user

very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.

Rohan U

Android user

I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.

Xander S

iOS user

THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮

Elisha

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This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now

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