- Genetic Variation: Differences in DNA sequences, including genetic and environmental variation
- Mutations: Changes in DNA sequence that can have no effect, a small effect, or a significant and possibly harmful or beneficial effect on the phenotype
- Evolution and Natural Selection: Gradual change in inherited characteristics of a population, proposed by Darwin after studying animals in the Galapagos Islands
- Examples of Natural Selection: Peppered moth population and the evolution of giraffes
- Antibiotic Resistance: Bacteria evolve quickly due to mutations, which can lead to antibiotic resistance and have serious implications for public health
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