Maths
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1l the quest for political stability: germany, 1871-1991
Britain & the wider world: 1745 -1901
The cold war
Inter-war germany
Medieval period: 1066 -1509
2d religious conflict and the church in england, c1529-c1570
2o democracy and nazism: germany, 1918-1945
1f industrialisation and the people: britain, c1783-1885
1c the tudors: england, 1485-1603
2m wars and welfare: britain in transition, 1906-1957
World war two & the holocaust
2n revolution and dictatorship: russia, 1917-1953
2s the making of modern britain, 1951-2007
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Biology
2 Dec 2025
2,739
4 pages
Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells are fundamental units of life with distinct structural differences. This guide explores the key... Show more
Plant cells, while sharing many similarities with animal cells, possess additional structures that are crucial for their unique functions. This section expands on the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell for Class 11 by detailing the specific features of plant cells.
In addition to the structures found in animal cells, a typical plant cell also contains
Permanent vacuole This large, fluid-filled sac can occupy up to 90% of the cell's volume. It stores water and other substances, contributing to the cell's turgidity.
Chloroplasts These organelles contain chlorophyll and are the sites of photosynthesis, the process by which plants produce their own food using light energy.
Cell wall Made of cellulose, the cell wall surrounds the cell membrane and provides structural support and protection.
Example The cell wall in plants is analogous to the exoskeleton in some animals, providing structure and protection.
Vocabulary Turgidity - The state of being swollen or distended, especially due to high water content in plant cells.
Highlight Chloroplasts are unique to plant cells and some algae, enabling them to carry out photosynthesis and produce their own food.
Prokaryotic cells, such as bacteria, have a simpler structure compared to eukaryotic cells. Understanding the key features of prokaryotic bacterial cells pdf is essential for grasping the fundamental differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
The key features of prokaryotic cells include
Plasmids These are small rings of DNA separate from the main chromosomal DNA.
Single DNA loop Unlike eukaryotes, prokaryotes do not have a nucleus. Instead, their genetic material is stored in a single DNA loop in the cytoplasm.
Absence of membrane-bound organelles Prokaryotic cells lack mitochondria, chloroplasts, and other complex organelles found in eukaryotic cells.
Definition Plasmids - Small, circular DNA molecules that can replicate independently of chromosomal DNA.
Highlight The absence of a nucleus is a defining characteristic of prokaryotic cells, setting them apart from eukaryotic cells.
Bacterial cells are prime examples of prokaryotic cells, and understanding their structure is crucial when studying the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell. This section details the subcellular structures found in bacterial cells, which are simpler than those in eukaryotic cells.
The subcellular structures found in bacterial cells include
Flagella Some bacteria possess these whip-like structures used for movement.
Cell wall and cell membrane These provide structure and protection for the bacterial cell.
Plasmids Small rings of DNA that can carry additional genetic information.
Cytoplasm A jelly-like fluid that fills the cell and is the site of most chemical reactions.
Single DNA loop The genetic material of the cell, not enclosed within a nucleus.
Vocabulary Flagella - Thin, whip-like appendages used for locomotion in some microorganisms.
Example E. coli bacteria use flagella to move towards food sources or away from harmful substances.
Highlight Prokaryotic cells are generally much smaller than eukaryotic cells, with their genetic material (DNA) not enclosed in a nucleus.
Understanding these structures and their functions is crucial for students studying biology, especially when comparing prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. This knowledge forms the foundation for more advanced concepts in cell biology and microbiology.
Animal cells are eukaryotic cells with various subcellular structures essential for their function. Understanding these components is crucial for students studying biology, especially when comparing the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell for Class 9 or higher levels.
The key subcellular structures found in an animal cell include
Cell membrane This structure separates the cell's interior from the external environment. It is selectively permeable, controlling what enters and exits the cell.
Nucleus Acting as the control center of the cell, the nucleus contains chromosomes with the cell's genetic material. It directs cellular activities and is a defining feature of eukaryotic cells.
Ribosomes These structures are responsible for protein synthesis within the cell.
Mitochondria Known as the powerhouses of the cell, mitochondria are where most aerobic respiration occurs, producing energy for cellular functions.
Cytoplasm This jelly-like fluid fills the cell and is where most chemical reactions take place.
Vocabulary Selectively permeable - Allowing certain substances to pass through while blocking others.
Definition Aerobic respiration - The process of breaking down glucose in the presence of oxygen to release energy.
Highlight The nucleus is a key feature distinguishing eukaryotic cells from prokaryotic cells, as it houses and protects the cell's genetic material.
Our AI Companion is a student-focused AI tool that offers more than just answers. Built on millions of Knowunity resources, it provides relevant information, personalised study plans, quizzes, and content directly in the chat, adapting to your individual learning journey.
You can download the app from Google Play Store and Apple App Store.
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help โ all at your fingertips.
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Explore the essential role of Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) in cellular respiration and photosynthesis. This summary covers ATP hydrolysis, its function as an immediate energy source, and its importance in various cellular processes such as muscle contraction and active transport. Understand why ATP is not an energy storage molecule and how it is continuously synthesized to meet cellular demands.
BiologyExplore the key differences and similarities between animal and plant cells. This summary covers essential cell structures such as the nucleus, mitochondria, ribosomes, and unique features like the cell wall and chloroplasts in plant cells. Ideal for understanding cell function and structure in biology.
Biologyscience biology revision cards
BiologyExplore the key differences between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells, including their structures and functions. This summary covers essential components such as the nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts, and more, providing a clear understanding of cellular biology. Ideal for students studying cellular structure and functions.
BiologyExplore the key sub-cellular structures of plant cells, including the cell membrane, cell wall, vacuole, cytoplasm, chloroplasts, and nucleus. Understand their functions such as support, protection, storage, and photosynthesis in this informative summary.
BiologyExplore the essential sub-cellular structures including the cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus, cell wall, chloroplasts, and permanent vacuole. This summary highlights their functions and locations in different cell types, providing a clear understanding of cellular organization. Ideal for biology students studying cell structure and function.
BiologyApp Store
Google Play
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because itโs too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didnโt even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as Iโm sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH ๐๐๐ฒ๐ค๐โจ๐๐ฎ
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because itโs too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didnโt even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as Iโm sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH ๐๐๐ฒ๐ค๐โจ๐๐ฎ
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells are fundamental units of life with distinct structural differences. This guide explores the key features of both cell types, focusing on their subcellular structures and functions. Difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes tablehighlights the main distinctions,... Show more
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Plant cells, while sharing many similarities with animal cells, possess additional structures that are crucial for their unique functions. This section expands on the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell for Class 11 by detailing the specific features of plant cells.
In addition to the structures found in animal cells, a typical plant cell also contains:
Permanent vacuole: This large, fluid-filled sac can occupy up to 90% of the cell's volume. It stores water and other substances, contributing to the cell's turgidity.
Chloroplasts: These organelles contain chlorophyll and are the sites of photosynthesis, the process by which plants produce their own food using light energy.
Cell wall: Made of cellulose, the cell wall surrounds the cell membrane and provides structural support and protection.
Example: The cell wall in plants is analogous to the exoskeleton in some animals, providing structure and protection.
Vocabulary: Turgidity - The state of being swollen or distended, especially due to high water content in plant cells.
Highlight: Chloroplasts are unique to plant cells and some algae, enabling them to carry out photosynthesis and produce their own food.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Prokaryotic cells, such as bacteria, have a simpler structure compared to eukaryotic cells. Understanding the key features of prokaryotic bacterial cells pdf is essential for grasping the fundamental differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
The key features of prokaryotic cells include:
Plasmids: These are small rings of DNA separate from the main chromosomal DNA.
Single DNA loop: Unlike eukaryotes, prokaryotes do not have a nucleus. Instead, their genetic material is stored in a single DNA loop in the cytoplasm.
Absence of membrane-bound organelles: Prokaryotic cells lack mitochondria, chloroplasts, and other complex organelles found in eukaryotic cells.
Definition: Plasmids - Small, circular DNA molecules that can replicate independently of chromosomal DNA.
Highlight: The absence of a nucleus is a defining characteristic of prokaryotic cells, setting them apart from eukaryotic cells.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Bacterial cells are prime examples of prokaryotic cells, and understanding their structure is crucial when studying the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell. This section details the subcellular structures found in bacterial cells, which are simpler than those in eukaryotic cells.
The subcellular structures found in bacterial cells include:
Flagella: Some bacteria possess these whip-like structures used for movement.
Cell wall and cell membrane: These provide structure and protection for the bacterial cell.
Plasmids: Small rings of DNA that can carry additional genetic information.
Cytoplasm: A jelly-like fluid that fills the cell and is the site of most chemical reactions.
Single DNA loop: The genetic material of the cell, not enclosed within a nucleus.
Vocabulary: Flagella - Thin, whip-like appendages used for locomotion in some microorganisms.
Example: E. coli bacteria use flagella to move towards food sources or away from harmful substances.
Highlight: Prokaryotic cells are generally much smaller than eukaryotic cells, with their genetic material (DNA) not enclosed in a nucleus.
Understanding these structures and their functions is crucial for students studying biology, especially when comparing prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. This knowledge forms the foundation for more advanced concepts in cell biology and microbiology.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Animal cells are eukaryotic cells with various subcellular structures essential for their function. Understanding these components is crucial for students studying biology, especially when comparing the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell for Class 9 or higher levels.
The key subcellular structures found in an animal cell include:
Cell membrane: This structure separates the cell's interior from the external environment. It is selectively permeable, controlling what enters and exits the cell.
Nucleus: Acting as the control center of the cell, the nucleus contains chromosomes with the cell's genetic material. It directs cellular activities and is a defining feature of eukaryotic cells.
Ribosomes: These structures are responsible for protein synthesis within the cell.
Mitochondria: Known as the powerhouses of the cell, mitochondria are where most aerobic respiration occurs, producing energy for cellular functions.
Cytoplasm: This jelly-like fluid fills the cell and is where most chemical reactions take place.
Vocabulary: Selectively permeable - Allowing certain substances to pass through while blocking others.
Definition: Aerobic respiration - The process of breaking down glucose in the presence of oxygen to release energy.
Highlight: The nucleus is a key feature distinguishing eukaryotic cells from prokaryotic cells, as it houses and protects the cell's genetic material.
Our AI Companion is a student-focused AI tool that offers more than just answers. Built on millions of Knowunity resources, it provides relevant information, personalised study plans, quizzes, and content directly in the chat, adapting to your individual learning journey.
You can download the app from Google Play Store and Apple App Store.
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help โ all at your fingertips.
121
Smart Tools NEW
Transform this note into: โ 50+ Practice Questions โ Interactive Flashcards โ Full Mock Exam โ Essay Outlines
Explore the essential role of Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) in cellular respiration and photosynthesis. This summary covers ATP hydrolysis, its function as an immediate energy source, and its importance in various cellular processes such as muscle contraction and active transport. Understand why ATP is not an energy storage molecule and how it is continuously synthesized to meet cellular demands.
BiologyExplore the key differences and similarities between animal and plant cells. This summary covers essential cell structures such as the nucleus, mitochondria, ribosomes, and unique features like the cell wall and chloroplasts in plant cells. Ideal for understanding cell function and structure in biology.
Biologyscience biology revision cards
BiologyExplore the key differences between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells, including their structures and functions. This summary covers essential components such as the nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts, and more, providing a clear understanding of cellular biology. Ideal for students studying cellular structure and functions.
BiologyExplore the key sub-cellular structures of plant cells, including the cell membrane, cell wall, vacuole, cytoplasm, chloroplasts, and nucleus. Understand their functions such as support, protection, storage, and photosynthesis in this informative summary.
BiologyExplore the essential sub-cellular structures including the cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus, cell wall, chloroplasts, and permanent vacuole. This summary highlights their functions and locations in different cell types, providing a clear understanding of cellular organization. Ideal for biology students studying cell structure and function.
BiologyApp Store
Google Play
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because itโs too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didnโt even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as Iโm sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH ๐๐๐ฒ๐ค๐โจ๐๐ฎ
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because itโs too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didnโt even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as Iโm sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH ๐๐๐ฒ๐ค๐โจ๐๐ฎ
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
