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Chemistry
Biology
English Lang.
History
Energy transfers (a2 only)
Infection and response
Homeostasis and response
Responding to change (a2 only)
Cell biology
Organisms respond to changes in their internal and external environments (a-level only)
Biological molecules
Organisation
Substance exchange
The control of gene expression (a2 only)
Bioenergetics
Genetic information & variation
Inheritance, variation and evolution
Ecology
Cells
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World war two & the holocaust
2m wars and welfare: britain in transition, 1906-1957
1f industrialisation and the people: britain, c1783-1885
Medieval period: 1066 -1509
1l the quest for political stability: germany, 1871-1991
Britain & the wider world: 1745 -1901
2d religious conflict and the church in england, c1529-c1570
The cold war
1c the tudors: england, 1485-1603
Inter-war germany
2j america: a nation divided, c1845-1877
2n revolution and dictatorship: russia, 1917-1953
2s the making of modern britain, 1951-2007
World war one
Britain: 1509 -1745
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426
โข
24 Jan 2023
โข
๐ฏ๏ธ
@kiedis.kirkby
Enzymes are biological catalysts essential for controlling chemical reactions in... Show more
The activity of enzymes is heavily influenced by environmental factors, particularly temperature and pH. Understanding these influences is crucial for comprehending how enzymes act as biological catalysts in various biological processes.
Temperature significantly affects enzyme activity. Generally, raising the temperature increases the rate of chemical reactions, including those catalyzed by enzymes. However, there's a delicate balance to maintain:
Highlight: While raising the temperature can make reactions happen more quickly, excessive heat can damage living cells and denature enzymes.
When the temperature becomes too high, it can break the bonds that maintain the enzyme's three-dimensional structure. This change in shape can alter the active site, preventing the substrate from binding properly and thus inhibiting the enzyme's catalytic function.
pH is another critical factor affecting enzyme activity. Each enzyme has an optimal pH range where it functions most effectively:
Example: The enzyme pepsin, which aids in protein digestion in the stomach, works best at a highly acidic pH of around 2.
If the pH is too high or too low, it can interfere with the bonds that maintain the enzyme's structure, changing the shape of the active site. This pH-induced change can prevent the substrate from binding correctly, reducing or eliminating the enzyme's catalytic activity.
Vocabulary: The optimum pH is the specific pH level at which an enzyme functions most efficiently.
It's important to note that while many enzymes work best at a neutral pH of 7, this is not universal. Different enzymes have evolved to function optimally in various pH environments found in different parts of organisms or in different species.
Understanding these factors is crucial for studying how enzymes work in biological systems and for applications in biotechnology and medicine. By manipulating temperature and pH, scientists and engineers can optimize enzyme activity for various industrial and medical processes.
Enzymes are essential components of living systems, acting as biological catalysts to regulate the myriad of chemical reactions occurring within organisms. These large protein molecules are produced by living things to carefully control and accelerate specific chemical processes.
Definition: Enzymes are biological catalysts that increase the speed of chemical reactions in living organisms without being consumed in the process.
Enzymes are composed of long chains of amino acids, which give them their unique three-dimensional structure. This structure is crucial for their function, as it determines the shape of the enzyme's active site.
Vocabulary: The active site is the specific region on an enzyme where the substrate binds and the chemical reaction takes place.
One of the key characteristics of enzymes is their specificity. Most enzymes catalyze only one particular reaction or a group of closely related reactions. This specificity is due to the precise shape of the enzyme's active site, which allows only certain substrates to bind.
Example: The enzyme pepsin, which breaks down proteins in the stomach, has an active site specifically shaped to bind to protein molecules.
The process of enzyme-substrate binding follows the induced fit model. When a substrate approaches the enzyme's active site, the enzyme may slightly alter its shape to accommodate the substrate better, ensuring a more efficient catalytic process.
Highlight: The induced fit model explains how enzymes can slightly change their shape to better fit the substrate, enhancing the efficiency of the catalytic process.
Temperature and pH play crucial roles in enzyme function. Each enzyme has an optimal temperature and pH range where it works most effectively. Outside these optimal conditions, enzyme activity can be significantly reduced or even halted.
Quote: "If temperature is too high, some of the bonds holding the enzyme together break. Also changes shape of the enzyme's active site, so the substrate won't fit anymore."
App Store
Google Play
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because itโs too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didnโt even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as Iโm sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH ๐๐๐ฒ๐ค๐โจ๐๐ฎ
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because itโs too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didnโt even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as Iโm sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH ๐๐๐ฒ๐ค๐โจ๐๐ฎ
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
๐ฏ๏ธ
@kiedis.kirkby
Enzymes are biological catalysts essential for controlling chemical reactions in living organisms. They have specific active sites that allow them to catalyze particular reactions efficiently. The function of enzymes is influenced by factors such as temperature and pH, which affect... Show more
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
The activity of enzymes is heavily influenced by environmental factors, particularly temperature and pH. Understanding these influences is crucial for comprehending how enzymes act as biological catalysts in various biological processes.
Temperature significantly affects enzyme activity. Generally, raising the temperature increases the rate of chemical reactions, including those catalyzed by enzymes. However, there's a delicate balance to maintain:
Highlight: While raising the temperature can make reactions happen more quickly, excessive heat can damage living cells and denature enzymes.
When the temperature becomes too high, it can break the bonds that maintain the enzyme's three-dimensional structure. This change in shape can alter the active site, preventing the substrate from binding properly and thus inhibiting the enzyme's catalytic function.
pH is another critical factor affecting enzyme activity. Each enzyme has an optimal pH range where it functions most effectively:
Example: The enzyme pepsin, which aids in protein digestion in the stomach, works best at a highly acidic pH of around 2.
If the pH is too high or too low, it can interfere with the bonds that maintain the enzyme's structure, changing the shape of the active site. This pH-induced change can prevent the substrate from binding correctly, reducing or eliminating the enzyme's catalytic activity.
Vocabulary: The optimum pH is the specific pH level at which an enzyme functions most efficiently.
It's important to note that while many enzymes work best at a neutral pH of 7, this is not universal. Different enzymes have evolved to function optimally in various pH environments found in different parts of organisms or in different species.
Understanding these factors is crucial for studying how enzymes work in biological systems and for applications in biotechnology and medicine. By manipulating temperature and pH, scientists and engineers can optimize enzyme activity for various industrial and medical processes.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Enzymes are essential components of living systems, acting as biological catalysts to regulate the myriad of chemical reactions occurring within organisms. These large protein molecules are produced by living things to carefully control and accelerate specific chemical processes.
Definition: Enzymes are biological catalysts that increase the speed of chemical reactions in living organisms without being consumed in the process.
Enzymes are composed of long chains of amino acids, which give them their unique three-dimensional structure. This structure is crucial for their function, as it determines the shape of the enzyme's active site.
Vocabulary: The active site is the specific region on an enzyme where the substrate binds and the chemical reaction takes place.
One of the key characteristics of enzymes is their specificity. Most enzymes catalyze only one particular reaction or a group of closely related reactions. This specificity is due to the precise shape of the enzyme's active site, which allows only certain substrates to bind.
Example: The enzyme pepsin, which breaks down proteins in the stomach, has an active site specifically shaped to bind to protein molecules.
The process of enzyme-substrate binding follows the induced fit model. When a substrate approaches the enzyme's active site, the enzyme may slightly alter its shape to accommodate the substrate better, ensuring a more efficient catalytic process.
Highlight: The induced fit model explains how enzymes can slightly change their shape to better fit the substrate, enhancing the efficiency of the catalytic process.
Temperature and pH play crucial roles in enzyme function. Each enzyme has an optimal temperature and pH range where it works most effectively. Outside these optimal conditions, enzyme activity can be significantly reduced or even halted.
Quote: "If temperature is too high, some of the bonds holding the enzyme together break. Also changes shape of the enzyme's active site, so the substrate won't fit anymore."
App Store
Google Play
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because itโs too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didnโt even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as Iโm sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH ๐๐๐ฒ๐ค๐โจ๐๐ฎ
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because itโs too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didnโt even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as Iโm sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH ๐๐๐ฒ๐ค๐โจ๐๐ฎ
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
