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12
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Reha Aaleyah
15/06/2023
Biology
Biology | Cells
117
•
15 Jun 2023
•
Animal and Plant Cell Diagrams, Parts & Functions, Differences, and Microscope Advantages
Specialized Cells and Cellular Organization
This page discusses specialized cells, their adaptations, and the levels of organization in multicellular organisms. It also covers enzyme function and the effects of temperature and pH on enzymatic activity.
Specialized cells are adapted to perform specific functions efficiently. For example, red blood cells have a biconcave shape to maximize oxygen-carrying capacity, while sperm cells have tails to swim towards the egg cell.
Example: Red blood cells contain hemoglobin for efficient oxygen transport
The levels of organization in multicellular organisms are described, progressing from cells to tissues, organs, organ systems, and finally the whole organism. Unicellular organisms, in contrast, consist of only one cell.
Vocabulary: Differentiation - the process by which cells become specialized for specific functions
Enzyme Function and Environmental Factors
Enzymes are proteins that catalyze chemical reactions in cells. They have an active site where specific substrates fit, allowing the reaction to occur.
Definition: Active site - a groove in the enzyme protein where a specific substrate fits
Temperature and pH significantly affect enzyme activity. Each enzyme has an optimum temperature and pH at which it functions most efficiently.
Highlight: High temperatures can cause enzymes to denature, changing the shape of the active site and preventing the reaction from occurring
The effects of temperature and pH on enzyme activity are illustrated with graphs, showing how reaction rates change under different conditions.
Example: As temperature increases, enzyme activity initially increases due to more frequent collisions between enzymes and substrates, but eventually decreases as the enzyme denatures
Understanding these factors is crucial for comprehending cellular processes and the functioning of living organisms.
Animal and Plant Cell Structures
This section provides an overview of the key components found in animal and plant cells, highlighting their structures and functions. The main organelles are described along with their specific roles within the cell.
Vocabulary: Organelles - specialized structures within cells that perform specific functions
The nucleus contains chromosomes carrying genetic information that controls cell activities. The cytoplasm is a gel-like substance where most chemical reactions occur. The cell membrane controls what enters and exits the cell, while mitochondria are the sites of aerobic respiration.
Highlight: Plant cells have additional structures not found in animal cells, including a cell wall made of cellulose for support and chloroplasts for photosynthesis
Plant cells also contain large vacuoles filled with cell sap, a dilute solution of sugars and mineral salts. The cell wall, made of cellulose, provides support and strengthens the plant cell.
Example: Chloroplasts in plant cells absorb light for photosynthesis, producing food for the plant
Microscopy Techniques
This section compares light and electron microscopes, discussing their features and applications in cell biology.
Definition: Resolution - the ability of a microscope to distinguish between two closely spaced objects
Light microscopes allow visualization of living cells as light passes through the specimen. They have lower magnification and resolution compared to electron microscopes but can examine living cells.
Highlight: Electron microscopes use a beam of electrons instead of light, providing higher magnification and resolution
However, electron microscopes can only examine dead cells, which is a significant disadvantage. The magnification of a microscope can be calculated by comparing the image size to the actual size of the specimen.
Example: Magnification = Length of image / Real length of specimen
Cellular Processes
This section explains key cellular processes including osmosis, diffusion, and active transport.
Osmosis is the movement of water molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration through a selectively permeable membrane.
Definition: Diffusion - the net movement of particles from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration
Active transport involves the movement of particles from a low to high concentration through a partially permeable membrane, requiring energy from respiration.
Highlight: The rate of diffusion is affected by concentration differences, temperature, and pressure
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This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
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Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
Animal and Plant Cell Diagrams, Parts & Functions, Differences, and Microscope Advantages
This document provides an overview of key concepts in cell biology, focusing on animal cell parts and functions, plant cell parts and functions, microscopy techniques, and cellular processes like osmosis, diffusion, and active transport. It also covers specialized... Show more
Specialized Cells and Cellular Organization
This page discusses specialized cells, their adaptations, and the levels of organization in multicellular organisms. It also covers enzyme function and the effects of temperature and pH on enzymatic activity.
Specialized cells are adapted to perform specific functions efficiently. For example, red blood cells have a biconcave shape to maximize oxygen-carrying capacity, while sperm cells have tails to swim towards the egg cell.
Example: Red blood cells contain hemoglobin for efficient oxygen transport
The levels of organization in multicellular organisms are described, progressing from cells to tissues, organs, organ systems, and finally the whole organism. Unicellular organisms, in contrast, consist of only one cell.
Vocabulary: Differentiation - the process by which cells become specialized for specific functions
Enzyme Function and Environmental Factors
Enzymes are proteins that catalyze chemical reactions in cells. They have an active site where specific substrates fit, allowing the reaction to occur.
Definition: Active site - a groove in the enzyme protein where a specific substrate fits
Temperature and pH significantly affect enzyme activity. Each enzyme has an optimum temperature and pH at which it functions most efficiently.
Highlight: High temperatures can cause enzymes to denature, changing the shape of the active site and preventing the reaction from occurring
The effects of temperature and pH on enzyme activity are illustrated with graphs, showing how reaction rates change under different conditions.
Example: As temperature increases, enzyme activity initially increases due to more frequent collisions between enzymes and substrates, but eventually decreases as the enzyme denatures
Understanding these factors is crucial for comprehending cellular processes and the functioning of living organisms.
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Improve your grades
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By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Animal and Plant Cell Structures
This section provides an overview of the key components found in animal and plant cells, highlighting their structures and functions. The main organelles are described along with their specific roles within the cell.
Vocabulary: Organelles - specialized structures within cells that perform specific functions
The nucleus contains chromosomes carrying genetic information that controls cell activities. The cytoplasm is a gel-like substance where most chemical reactions occur. The cell membrane controls what enters and exits the cell, while mitochondria are the sites of aerobic respiration.
Highlight: Plant cells have additional structures not found in animal cells, including a cell wall made of cellulose for support and chloroplasts for photosynthesis
Plant cells also contain large vacuoles filled with cell sap, a dilute solution of sugars and mineral salts. The cell wall, made of cellulose, provides support and strengthens the plant cell.
Example: Chloroplasts in plant cells absorb light for photosynthesis, producing food for the plant
Microscopy Techniques
This section compares light and electron microscopes, discussing their features and applications in cell biology.
Definition: Resolution - the ability of a microscope to distinguish between two closely spaced objects
Light microscopes allow visualization of living cells as light passes through the specimen. They have lower magnification and resolution compared to electron microscopes but can examine living cells.
Highlight: Electron microscopes use a beam of electrons instead of light, providing higher magnification and resolution
However, electron microscopes can only examine dead cells, which is a significant disadvantage. The magnification of a microscope can be calculated by comparing the image size to the actual size of the specimen.
Example: Magnification = Length of image / Real length of specimen
Cellular Processes
This section explains key cellular processes including osmosis, diffusion, and active transport.
Osmosis is the movement of water molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration through a selectively permeable membrane.
Definition: Diffusion - the net movement of particles from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration
Active transport involves the movement of particles from a low to high concentration through a partially permeable membrane, requiring energy from respiration.
Highlight: The rate of diffusion is affected by concentration differences, temperature, and pressure
We thought you’d never ask...
What is the Knowunity AI companion?
Our AI Companion is a student-focused AI tool that offers more than just answers. Built on millions of Knowunity resources, it provides relevant information, personalised study plans, quizzes, and content directly in the chat, adapting to your individual learning journey.
Where can I download the Knowunity app?
You can download the app from Google Play Store and Apple App Store.
Is Knowunity really free of charge?
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help – all at your fingertips.
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4.9/5
App Store
4.8/5
Google Play
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user