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Energy transfers (a2 only)
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Organisms respond to changes in their internal and external environments (a-level only)
Biological molecules
Organisation
Substance exchange
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Inheritance, variation and evolution
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2m wars and welfare: britain in transition, 1906-1957
1f industrialisation and the people: britain, c1783-1885
Inter-war germany
2o democracy and nazism: germany, 1918-1945
Medieval period: 1066 -1509
Britain & the wider world: 1745 -1901
2d religious conflict and the church in england, c1529-c1570
1l the quest for political stability: germany, 1871-1991
The cold war
1c the tudors: england, 1485-1603
2j america: a nation divided, c1845-1877
World war two & the holocaust
2n revolution and dictatorship: russia, 1917-1953
2s the making of modern britain, 1951-2007
Britain: 1509 -1745
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151
1
Ana Skiv
15/05/2023
Biology
All AQA combined science topics for biology paper 1 and 2
3,415
•
15 May 2023
•
Ana Skiv
@skivvana
Hey there! Let's learn the 10 differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells with diagrams, especially for GCSE kids. Discover how plant and animal specialised cells have unique functions and what's neat about stem cells, plus their pros and cons for medicine.
This section delves into the techniques used for culturing microorganisms and the different types of microscopes used in cell biology.
The process of bacterial reproduction through binary fission is explained, highlighting that bacteria can divide as frequently as every 20 minutes under optimal conditions. Methods for culturing bacteria, including nutrient broth solutions and agar gel plates, are described.
Highlight: Uncontaminated cultures are crucial for studying the effects of disinfectants and antibiotics on microorganisms.
The document then transitions to discussing microscopy techniques. It compares light microscopes and electron microscopes, detailing their principles of operation, advantages, and limitations.
Definition: A light microscope uses a beam of light to form an image, while an electron microscope uses a beam of electrons, allowing for much higher magnification and resolution.
The advantages of each type of microscope are outlined. Light microscopes can view live cells and are relatively inexpensive, while electron microscopes offer much higher magnification and can show cells in 3D detail, albeit only for dead cells.
Example: An electron microscope can be used to study the fine details of cellular structures that are not visible under a light microscope.
The document also provides a formula for calculating the real size of an object viewed under a microscope, emphasizing the importance of understanding magnification in microscopy.
This section focuses on the process of mitosis, the cell cycle, and the important cellular mechanism of diffusion.
The document begins by explaining the structure and function of chromosomes, which are made of DNA and carry genetic information. It notes that in body cells, chromosomes are found in 23 pairs.
Definition: Chromosomes are structures in the nucleus made of DNA that carry genetic information.
The process of mitosis is then detailed, explaining its role in growth and cell replacement. The stages of mitosis are outlined, including DNA replication, chromosome separation, and cytokinesis.
Highlight: Mitosis results in the formation of two genetically identical daughter cells.
The concept of the cell cycle is introduced, placing mitosis within the broader context of cellular reproduction and growth.
The document then shifts to discussing diffusion, a crucial process for cellular function. It explains how substances move across cell membranes from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration.
Definition: Diffusion is the net movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration down a concentration gradient.
The importance of surface area to volume ratio in diffusion is emphasized, explaining why single-celled organisms can rely on simple diffusion while multicellular organisms require specialized organ systems for efficient substance exchange.
Example: Oxygen, carbon dioxide, and urea are examples of substances that pass through cell membranes by diffusion.
This section provides a comprehensive overview of key cellular processes, linking the concepts of cell division and substance transport to the overall functioning of living organisms.
This section provides a comprehensive overview of the fundamental differences between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells, as well as the structures and functions of specialized cells in both plants and animals.
The difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells is clearly outlined. Eukaryotic cells, which include plant and animal cells, possess a membrane-bound nucleus and various organelles. Prokaryotic cells, exemplified by bacterial cells, lack a true nucleus and have a simpler structure.
Definition: Eukaryotic cells are complex cells with a membrane-bound nucleus and organelles, while prokaryotic cells are simpler cells without a true nucleus.
The document details the structures found in animal cells, including the nucleus, cytoplasm, cell membrane, mitochondria, and ribosomes. Plant cells share these features but also have additional structures such as a cell wall, chloroplasts, and a permanent vacuole.
Highlight: Plant and animal cells are eukaryotic, while bacterial cells are prokaryotic.
A comprehensive table is provided, listing various specialized cells and their functions. This includes red blood cells for carrying oxygen, white blood cells for destroying microorganisms, and specialized plant cells like palisade cells for photosynthesis.
Example: A red blood cell is adapted with a large surface area, contains hemoglobin, and lacks a nucleus to create more space for oxygen transport.
The concept of cell differentiation is introduced, explaining how cells specialize to perform specific functions. The document also touches on stem cells, their potential medical applications, and associated risks.
Vocabulary: Cell differentiation is the process by which cells become specialized for particular functions, acquiring different organelles to enable these specific roles.
Our AI Companion is a student-focused AI tool that offers more than just answers. Built on millions of Knowunity resources, it provides relevant information, personalised study plans, quizzes, and content directly in the chat, adapting to your individual learning journey.
You can download the app from Google Play Store and Apple App Store.
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help – all at your fingertips.
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The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
Ana Skiv
@skivvana
Hey there! Let's learn the 10 differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells with diagrams, especially for GCSE kids. Discover how plant and animal specialised cells have unique functions and what's neat about stem cells, plus their pros and cons for medicine.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
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This section delves into the techniques used for culturing microorganisms and the different types of microscopes used in cell biology.
The process of bacterial reproduction through binary fission is explained, highlighting that bacteria can divide as frequently as every 20 minutes under optimal conditions. Methods for culturing bacteria, including nutrient broth solutions and agar gel plates, are described.
Highlight: Uncontaminated cultures are crucial for studying the effects of disinfectants and antibiotics on microorganisms.
The document then transitions to discussing microscopy techniques. It compares light microscopes and electron microscopes, detailing their principles of operation, advantages, and limitations.
Definition: A light microscope uses a beam of light to form an image, while an electron microscope uses a beam of electrons, allowing for much higher magnification and resolution.
The advantages of each type of microscope are outlined. Light microscopes can view live cells and are relatively inexpensive, while electron microscopes offer much higher magnification and can show cells in 3D detail, albeit only for dead cells.
Example: An electron microscope can be used to study the fine details of cellular structures that are not visible under a light microscope.
The document also provides a formula for calculating the real size of an object viewed under a microscope, emphasizing the importance of understanding magnification in microscopy.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
This section focuses on the process of mitosis, the cell cycle, and the important cellular mechanism of diffusion.
The document begins by explaining the structure and function of chromosomes, which are made of DNA and carry genetic information. It notes that in body cells, chromosomes are found in 23 pairs.
Definition: Chromosomes are structures in the nucleus made of DNA that carry genetic information.
The process of mitosis is then detailed, explaining its role in growth and cell replacement. The stages of mitosis are outlined, including DNA replication, chromosome separation, and cytokinesis.
Highlight: Mitosis results in the formation of two genetically identical daughter cells.
The concept of the cell cycle is introduced, placing mitosis within the broader context of cellular reproduction and growth.
The document then shifts to discussing diffusion, a crucial process for cellular function. It explains how substances move across cell membranes from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration.
Definition: Diffusion is the net movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration down a concentration gradient.
The importance of surface area to volume ratio in diffusion is emphasized, explaining why single-celled organisms can rely on simple diffusion while multicellular organisms require specialized organ systems for efficient substance exchange.
Example: Oxygen, carbon dioxide, and urea are examples of substances that pass through cell membranes by diffusion.
This section provides a comprehensive overview of key cellular processes, linking the concepts of cell division and substance transport to the overall functioning of living organisms.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
This section provides a comprehensive overview of the fundamental differences between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells, as well as the structures and functions of specialized cells in both plants and animals.
The difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells is clearly outlined. Eukaryotic cells, which include plant and animal cells, possess a membrane-bound nucleus and various organelles. Prokaryotic cells, exemplified by bacterial cells, lack a true nucleus and have a simpler structure.
Definition: Eukaryotic cells are complex cells with a membrane-bound nucleus and organelles, while prokaryotic cells are simpler cells without a true nucleus.
The document details the structures found in animal cells, including the nucleus, cytoplasm, cell membrane, mitochondria, and ribosomes. Plant cells share these features but also have additional structures such as a cell wall, chloroplasts, and a permanent vacuole.
Highlight: Plant and animal cells are eukaryotic, while bacterial cells are prokaryotic.
A comprehensive table is provided, listing various specialized cells and their functions. This includes red blood cells for carrying oxygen, white blood cells for destroying microorganisms, and specialized plant cells like palisade cells for photosynthesis.
Example: A red blood cell is adapted with a large surface area, contains hemoglobin, and lacks a nucleus to create more space for oxygen transport.
The concept of cell differentiation is introduced, explaining how cells specialize to perform specific functions. The document also touches on stem cells, their potential medical applications, and associated risks.
Vocabulary: Cell differentiation is the process by which cells become specialized for particular functions, acquiring different organelles to enable these specific roles.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Our AI Companion is a student-focused AI tool that offers more than just answers. Built on millions of Knowunity resources, it provides relevant information, personalised study plans, quizzes, and content directly in the chat, adapting to your individual learning journey.
You can download the app from Google Play Store and Apple App Store.
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help – all at your fingertips.
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Transform this note into: ✓ 50+ Practice Questions ✓ Interactive Flashcards ✓ Full Mock Exam ✓ Essay Outlines
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The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
