Subjects

Careers

Open the App

Subjects

How to Make Amines from Haloalkanes, Amino Acids and More!

Open

10

0

user profile picture

ziyah

20/03/2023

Chemistry

Amines, Amides and Amino Acids

How to Make Amines from Haloalkanes, Amino Acids and More!

Amines and Amino Acids: Structure, Properties, and Synthesis

Amines are nitrogen-containing organic compounds derived from ammonia. They play crucial roles in biological systems and chemical synthesis. This guide explores the types of amines, their properties, synthesis methods, and the related topic of amino acids.

• Amines are classified as primary, secondary, or tertiary based on the number of organic groups attached to the nitrogen atom.
• Aliphatic and aromatic amines differ in their structure and properties.
• Amines act as bases and nucleophiles due to the lone pair of electrons on the nitrogen atom.
• Synthesis methods for amines include reactions of halogenoalkanes with ammonia and reduction of nitriles.
• Amino acids, containing both amino and carboxyl groups, are essential building blocks of proteins and have unique chemical properties.

...

20/03/2023

175

Amines
derived from ammonia molecules, contains nitrogen atom where hydrogens are replaced with an organic
group. Leg. alkyl group)
H
CH3
•P

View

Synthesis of Amines and Amino Acids

This page covers the synthesis methods for aliphatic and aromatic amines, as well as the structure and properties of amino acids.

Making Aliphatic Amines

There are two main methods for synthesizing aliphatic amines:

  1. Reacting halogenoalkanes with excess ammonia

Example: The reaction of chloroethane with ammonia produces ethylamine aprimaryaminea primary amine and ammonium chloride.

CH₃CH₂Cl + NH₃ → CH₃CH₂NH₂ + NH₄Cl

This method can produce a mixture of primary, secondary, and tertiary amines, as well as quaternary ammonium salts, due to further reactions of the initial product.

  1. Reducing nitriles

Synthesis of Aromatic Amines

Aromatic amines, such as phenylamine, are typically made by reducing nitro compounds. This process involves two steps:

  1. Heating nitrobenzene with concentrated HCl and tin under reflux to form a salt.
  2. Reacting the salt with an alkali e.g.,NaOHe.g., NaOH to produce the aromatic amine.

Highlight: Aromatic amines are important precursors in the production of dyes and pharmaceuticals.

Amino Acids

Amino acids are organic compounds containing both an amino group NH2-NH₂ and a carboxylic acid group COOH-COOH.

Definition: Amino acids are amphoteric compounds with both acidic and basic properties due to their carboxyl and amino groups.

Key features of amino acids include:

  • General formula: RCHNH2NH₂COOH
  • Chiral molecules exceptglycineexcept glycine due to four different groups around the central carbon atom
  • Ability to rotate plane-polarized light
  • Reactivity with acids and alkalis to form salts
  • Ability to form esters with alcohols

Vocabulary: Amphoteric substances can act as both acids and bases.

Amino acids play a crucial role in biological systems as the building blocks of proteins and have diverse applications in biochemistry and organic synthesis.

Can't find what you're looking for? Explore other subjects.

Knowunity is the #1 education app in five European countries

Knowunity has been named a featured story on Apple and has regularly topped the app store charts in the education category in Germany, Italy, Poland, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom. Join Knowunity today and help millions of students around the world.

Ranked #1 Education App

Download in

Google Play

Download in

App Store

Knowunity is the #1 education app in five European countries

4.9+

Average app rating

21 M

Pupils love Knowunity

#1

In education app charts in 17 countries

950 K+

Students have uploaded notes

Still not convinced? See what other students are saying...

iOS User

I love this app so much, I also use it daily. I recommend Knowunity to everyone!!! I went from a D to an A with it :D

Philip, iOS User

The app is very simple and well designed. So far I have always found everything I was looking for :D

Lena, iOS user

I love this app ❤️ I actually use it every time I study.

 

Chemistry

175

20 Mar 2023

2 pages

How to Make Amines from Haloalkanes, Amino Acids and More!

user profile picture

ziyah

@ziy4h

Amines and Amino Acids: Structure, Properties, and Synthesis

Amines are nitrogen-containing organic compounds derived from ammonia. They play crucial roles in biological systems and chemical synthesis. This guide explores the types of amines, their properties, synthesis methods, and the related... Show more

Amines
derived from ammonia molecules, contains nitrogen atom where hydrogens are replaced with an organic
group. Leg. alkyl group)
H
CH3
•P

Sign up to see the contentIt's free!

Access to all documents

Improve your grades

Join milions of students

By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy

Synthesis of Amines and Amino Acids

This page covers the synthesis methods for aliphatic and aromatic amines, as well as the structure and properties of amino acids.

Making Aliphatic Amines

There are two main methods for synthesizing aliphatic amines:

  1. Reacting halogenoalkanes with excess ammonia

Example: The reaction of chloroethane with ammonia produces ethylamine aprimaryaminea primary amine and ammonium chloride.

CH₃CH₂Cl + NH₃ → CH₃CH₂NH₂ + NH₄Cl

This method can produce a mixture of primary, secondary, and tertiary amines, as well as quaternary ammonium salts, due to further reactions of the initial product.

  1. Reducing nitriles

Synthesis of Aromatic Amines

Aromatic amines, such as phenylamine, are typically made by reducing nitro compounds. This process involves two steps:

  1. Heating nitrobenzene with concentrated HCl and tin under reflux to form a salt.
  2. Reacting the salt with an alkali e.g.,NaOHe.g., NaOH to produce the aromatic amine.

Highlight: Aromatic amines are important precursors in the production of dyes and pharmaceuticals.

Amino Acids

Amino acids are organic compounds containing both an amino group NH2-NH₂ and a carboxylic acid group COOH-COOH.

Definition: Amino acids are amphoteric compounds with both acidic and basic properties due to their carboxyl and amino groups.

Key features of amino acids include:

  • General formula: RCHNH2NH₂COOH
  • Chiral molecules exceptglycineexcept glycine due to four different groups around the central carbon atom
  • Ability to rotate plane-polarized light
  • Reactivity with acids and alkalis to form salts
  • Ability to form esters with alcohols

Vocabulary: Amphoteric substances can act as both acids and bases.

Amino acids play a crucial role in biological systems as the building blocks of proteins and have diverse applications in biochemistry and organic synthesis.

Amines
derived from ammonia molecules, contains nitrogen atom where hydrogens are replaced with an organic
group. Leg. alkyl group)
H
CH3
•P

Sign up to see the contentIt's free!

Access to all documents

Improve your grades

Join milions of students

By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy

Types and Properties of Amines

Amines are organic compounds derived from ammonia, where hydrogen atoms are replaced by organic groups. They are classified based on the number of organic groups attached to the nitrogen atom.

Definition: Amines are nitrogen-containing compounds derived from ammonia, with one or more hydrogen atoms replaced by organic groups.

The three main types of amines are:

  1. Primary amines: One organic group attached e.g.,methylaminee.g., methylamine
  2. Secondary amines: Two organic groups attached e.g.,dimethylaminee.g., dimethylamine
  3. Tertiary amines: Three organic groups attached e.g.,trimethylaminee.g., trimethylamine

Example: Methylamine CH3NH2CH₃NH₂ is a primary amine, while trimethylamine (CH3(CH₃₃N) is a tertiary amine.

Amines can also be classified as aliphatic or aromatic:

  • Aliphatic amines have non-aromatic organic groups attached to nitrogen.
  • Aromatic amines, like phenylamine C6H5NH2C₆H₅NH₂, have an aromatic ring attached to the nitrogen atom.

Highlight: The basicity of amines depends on the availability of the lone pair of electrons on the nitrogen atom. Factors affecting this include the type of groups attached to nitrogen and electron density.

Amines act as bases due to their ability to accept protons using their lone pair of electrons. They also function as nucleophiles, attacking electron-deficient carbon atoms in various reactions.

Vocabulary: A nucleophile is a chemical species that donates an electron pair to form a chemical bond.

Can't find what you're looking for? Explore other subjects.

Students love us — and so will you.

4.9/5

App Store

4.8/5

Google Play

The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.

Stefan S

iOS user

This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.

Samantha Klich

Android user

Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.

Anna

iOS user

Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good

Thomas R

iOS user

Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.

Basil

Android user

This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.

David K

iOS user

The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!

Sudenaz Ocak

Android user

In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.

Greenlight Bonnie

Android user

very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.

Rohan U

Android user

I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.

Xander S

iOS user

THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮

Elisha

iOS user

This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now

Paul T

iOS user

The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.

Stefan S

iOS user

This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.

Samantha Klich

Android user

Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.

Anna

iOS user

Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good

Thomas R

iOS user

Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.

Basil

Android user

This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.

David K

iOS user

The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!

Sudenaz Ocak

Android user

In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.

Greenlight Bonnie

Android user

very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.

Rohan U

Android user

I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.

Xander S

iOS user

THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮

Elisha

iOS user

This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now

Paul T

iOS user