Present Tense - The Foundation

The present tense is your starting point for Spanish verbs. Regular verbs follow predictable patterns based on their endings: -ar, -er, or -ir.

For regular verbs, simply drop the infinitive ending and add the appropriate ending for each person. The patterns are consistent - -ar verbs use endings like -o, -as, -a, whilst -er and -ir verbs share similar patterns with -o, -es, -e.

However, irregular verbs like poder (to be able) throw a spanner in the works! These follow the "boot shape" pattern where the stem changes for most persons except "we" and "you plural". The good news? Once you learn the pattern, it applies to many irregular verbs.

Quick Tip: The "boot shape" gets its name because if you draw a line around the persons that change $yo, tú, él/ella, ellos/as$, it looks like a boot!

Preterite Tense - Completed Past Actions

The preterite tense is brilliant for talking about things that happened and finished in the past. Think of it as your "I did it and it's done" tense.

Regular preterite verbs follow clear patterns again. -AR verbs use endings like -é, -aste, -ó, whilst -ER and -IR verbs share identical endings such as -í, -iste, -ió. Notice how different these are from present tense!

Irregular preterite verbs like estar completely change their stem but then all use the same set of endings regardless of whether they were originally -ar, -er, or -ir verbs. This actually makes them easier once you learn the new stem.

Memory Hack: Irregular preterite verbs might change their stems dramatically, but they all use the same endings - no matter what their infinitive ending was!

Future Tenses - What's Coming Next

Spanish gives you two main ways to talk about the future, and both are dead useful for different situations.

The simple future tense is wonderfully straightforward for regular verbs. You don't even drop the infinitive ending - just bolt the future endings straight onto the whole verb! All verbs $whether -ar, -er, or -ir$ use identical endings: -é, -ás, -á, etc.

Irregular future verbs like tener modify their stems $tener becomes tendr-$ but still use those same future endings. The pattern often involves dropping an 'e' and adding a 'd', making "tendr-" which sounds more natural when spoken.

Pro Tip: The simple future is perfect for making predictions or promises - "I will definitely revise for my Spanish exam!"

Near Future and Perfect Tenses

The near future tense is absolutely essential for everyday Spanish. Use the pattern ir + a + infinitive to say what you're going to do soon.

Simply conjugate ir (voy, vas, va, etc.), add a, then stick on any infinitive verb. "Voy a bailar" means "I'm going to dance" - it's that simple! This tense feels more immediate and certain than the simple future.

The perfect tense uses haber (he, has, ha, etc.) plus past participles. Form past participles by dropping the infinitive ending and adding -ado for -ar verbs or -ido for -er/-ir verbs. This tense connects past actions to the present moment.

Real Talk: Native speakers use the near future constantly in conversation - it's more natural than the simple future for most everyday situations!

Imperfect and Continuous Tenses

The imperfect tense is your "used to" tense - perfect for describing ongoing past situations, habits, or background information. It's much more regular than the preterite!

Most verbs follow simple patterns: -ar verbs use -aba endings whilst -er/-ir verbs use -ía endings. Only three verbs are truly irregular: ir, ser, and ver - and even these follow their own consistent patterns.

Present continuous combines estar with present participles $ending in -ando for -ar verbs, -iendo for -er/-ir verbs$. This gives you the "-ing" form: "estoy estudiando" means "I am studying".

Context Clue: Use imperfect for the scenery of your story and preterite for the main events - "It was raining (imperfect) when I arrived (preterite)."

Ser vs. Estar - The Ultimate Challenge

Understanding ser versus estar is crucial since both mean "to be" but serve completely different purposes in Spanish.

Use ser for permanent characteristics, identity, and essential qualities - remember DOCTOR (description, occupation, characteristics, time, origin, relationships). Think nationality, personality traits, or what time it is.

Estar handles temporary states, locations, and conditions - think PLACE (position, location, actions, conditions, emotions). Use it for where you are, how you feel right now, or ongoing actions.

Both verbs are irregular in multiple tenses, so you'll need to memorise their forms. Don't forget: muy goes with adjectives, mucho with nouns!

Memory Trick: If you can change it easily (like your location or mood), use estar. If it's fundamental to who or what something is, use ser.

Advanced Phrases for Fluency

These key phrases will make your Spanish sound much more sophisticated and natural - perfect for impressing in speaking exams or essays!

Conditional phrases like "Si fuera posible" (if it were possible) and "Si tuviera la opción" (if I had the option) show advanced grammar skills. Pair them with conditional tense verbs for maximum impact.

Opinion expressions such as "Lo que más me gusta es que" (what I like most is that) and "Sin una sombra de duda" (without a doubt) help you sound more fluent and confident.

Perfect tense phrases like "Siempre he soñado con" (I have always dreamed of) demonstrate your command of complex tenses whilst expressing personal aspirations and experiences.

Exam Gold: These phrases are absolute gems for GCSE and A-Level speaking and writing tasks - they show sophisticated language use and boost your marks!