What Is Culture?

Think of culture as the shared playlist of life that connects you with your community - it's all the beliefs, traditions, and ideas that people share together. When groups share these cultural elements, they form what we call a society.

Material culture includes all the physical stuff we attach emotional meaning to, like your favourite trainers, family photos, or even the food you consider "proper comfort food". These objects become symbols of something important to us. Non-material culture, on the other hand, covers the invisible stuff - the shared ideas, rules, traditions, languages, and history that help us make sense of our social world.

Culture is actually a social construction, meaning any idea that's created and given special meaning by people (think about how "motherhood" means different things in different societies). Some cultures are collectivist, emphasising that belonging to the group matters more than personal freedom, whilst individualist cultures prioritise individual freedom and personal achievement above group harmony.

Quick Tip: Remember that what's totally acceptable in one culture might be completely shocking in another - that's cultural diversity in action!

Culture and Social Control

Everything created by humans becomes part of culture, which explains why cultures can be so incredibly diverse. What's perfectly normal in your culture might seem bizarre elsewhere, and some people naturally break cultural rules - individuals become deviants whilst groups form subcultures.

Social control refers to both written and unwritten rules that keep society ticking along smoothly. Break these cultural rules, and you'll likely face some form of sanction (punishment). This control works in two main ways: formal control uses institutions and laws to force good behaviour, whilst informal control relies on your internalised moral codes.

Understanding the building blocks of culture helps everything make sense. Norms are expected behaviours that differ between cultures, mores are ways of behaving seen as moral, and values reflect what a culture believes should happen in society. Your beliefs influence how you act, roles are expected behaviours that control what you do, and status determines your standing in society based on respect.

Remember: These cultural elements work together like ingredients in a recipe - they combine to create the unique flavour of each society!

The Nature vs Nurture Debate

Here's where things get properly interesting - are you born the way you are, or does society shape you? This massive debate has been raging for centuries, and it directly impacts how we understand cultural differences and social change.

Nativism argues that social characteristics developed through evolution, though this extreme view has been used to justify horrible things like racism and sexism. Nature theories are less extreme, suggesting that biology trumps sociology and that characteristics like intelligence are inherited. Biological imperatives like eating and sleeping supposedly rule us, leaving little room for free will.

Nurture theory flips this completely, arguing that society and culture matter more than genetics. The strongest evidence comes from feral children - kids who haven't received proper socialisation and end up seriously damaged, unable to learn speech or behavioural norms. These tragic cases strongly support the nurture side of the argument.

Food for Thought: Most modern sociologists believe it's not either/or but both nature and nurture working together - you're shaped by your genes AND your environment!

How We Learn to Be Social

Talcott Parsons explained socialisation as the process by which humans learn and internalise culture until society becomes part of who we are. This happens in three stages: primary socialisation (learnt from family), secondary socialisation (friends, education, media, religion), and tertiary socialisation (adult learning from parenting, jobs, health issues).

Socialisation works through two methods. Formal socialisation involves people consciously training you to conform (like in school), whilst informal socialisation happens through watching and learning from others without anyone explicitly teaching you.

Agents of socialisation are the social groups and organisations that pass on norms and values - think families, media, schools, and religious institutions. These agents shape everything from your basic survival skills to your career ambitions, social roles, and ability to interact with others.

Reality Check: You're constantly being socialised, even right now - every interaction teaches you something about how society expects you to behave!

Family Socialisation

Your family serves as the most crucial agent of socialisation, teaching you basic social attitudes, norms, values, and even gendered roles through several key methods. Children master social skills through imitation - watching and copying their parents' behaviour patterns.

Role models (people children copy) encourage kids to act like their same-sex parent, whilst sanctions ensure incorrect behaviour gets punished and correct behaviour receives praise. Expectations also play a huge role - boys often develop better spatial skills because they're expected to play sports and engage in physical activities.

Pierre Bourdieu, a French Marxist, introduced the concept of habitus - children learn specific behaviours that mark them out from others with different backgrounds. This explains why people from different social classes often have distinct ways of speaking, moving, and interacting that stick with them for life.

Family socialisation aims to develop your ability to do certain things (reading, swimming), desire to achieve (career goals, academic success), survival skills, social roles (parenting skills, gendered behaviour), and interaction abilities. Secondary socialisation through media, education, peer groups, and work then helps you develop a separate identity beyond your family.

Key Insight: Your family basically gives you your first "operating system" for navigating society - everything else builds on that foundation!

Agencies of Socialisation and Social Control

Social control means that society shapes people's thoughts and behaviours through various agencies. Formal control involves deliberate training with clear sanctions for rule-breaking, whilst informal control relies on unwritten rules like norms, morals, and values.

The family remains the most important primary socialisation agent, passing on cultural values through protection from harm, teaching traditions and rules, sanctions and rewards, and providing role models to imitate. Interestingly, children can also socialise their parents - it works both ways!

Talcott Parsons believed marriage was vital for stabilising adult personalities, with parents having separate roles $male = instrumental, female = expressive$. However, feminists have heavily criticised this view as outdated and restrictive.

Different families pass on different cultural traditions, creating the rich diversity we see in society. Parents naturally want to protect their children from social disapproval whilst teaching them the rules they'll need to succeed.

Think About It: Every family is basically a mini-culture factory, churning out the next generation with their own unique blend of values and traditions!

Secondary Socialisation Agencies

Peer groups - people of your same age and status - help children develop group norms separate from family influence. Peer pressure kicks in when people modify their behaviour to fit in, often from fear of social rejection. Early friendships become crucial for learning how to navigate social relationships independently.

Education works through both formal and informal methods. The formal curriculum delivers cultural knowledge, though Marxist Althusser argued that education actually teaches children to accept an unfair society's rules. The informal curriculum includes unintentional beliefs taught through school culture and hidden messages.

Religion heavily influences British society through Christianity. Durkheim described collective conscience as socially accepted norms and values shaped by religious beliefs. Erikson noted that children affected by their parents' faith often have little choice in their religious identity.

Media influences behaviour significantly - Albert Bandura linked youth violence to media consumption. Copycat behaviour shows children modelling TV behaviour, whilst the hypodermic syringe model suggests people accept media messages without question, like a drug injection.

Media Reality: You're constantly absorbing messages from screens - the key is learning to think critically about what you're seeing!

Work and Identity Formation

Work socialisation includes canteen culture (learning workplace practices from other employees) and McDonaldisation (training workers not to show initiative). These workplace experiences shape how people see themselves and their place in society.

Identity has two elements: primary identity (your sense of self) and secondary identity (roles you play in society). You develop identity by being told who you are, choosing based on where you are, finding meaning, and through both ascribed status (given at birth) and achieved status (earned through effort).

Gender identity remains one of our most important identities, carrying massive cultural expectations. Traditional male identities emphasise leadership, control, decision-making, and aggressive behaviours, whilst female identities often focus on emotional expression, caring, and family orientation - though these stereotypes are increasingly challenged.

These gender expectations get reinforced through socialisation, but many people now reject rigid gender roles in favour of more flexible identities that suit their individual personalities and goals.

Breaking Barriers: Today's generation is reshaping gender expectations - you don't have to fit into traditional boxes if they don't work for you!

Learning Different Identities

Ann Oakley identified how families teach gender through manipulation $encouraging/discouraging behaviour$, canalisation (channelling into "appropriate" activities), verbal appellations $girls called "angel/princess", boys called "little monster"$, and different activities (dance for girls, football for boys). The media reinforces this through body ideals that Naomi Wolf argues exploit women.

Class identity develops through socioeconomic background. Middle classes tend to be educated professionals, whilst working classes typically earn wages and have less formal education. Education reinforces this - middle classes can afford better schools and are more likely to succeed, whilst working classes often view themselves as "ordinary."

Ethnic identity centres on shared ancestry, history, traditions, beliefs, and language. Families teach languages other than English, whilst religion expresses ethnicity through practices like Muslim girls wearing hijabs.

National identity connects to specific geographic regions. Extreme nationalism can lead to dangerous behaviour (German nationalism led to Nazism), whilst civic nationalism involves healthy country pride (Americans saluting the flag).

Identity Mix: Remember, you're not just one thing - you're a unique combination of gender, class, ethnicity, nationality, and much more!

National Identity and Cultural Traditions

Sport plays a massive role in encouraging national pride, especially during major international events when entire countries unite behind their teams. These moments create powerful shared experiences that strengthen national bonds and cultural identity.

Cultural traditions and shared history shape how different regions relate to each other. Wales, Scotland, and Northern Ireland often feel dominated by England, leading to efforts to preserve distinct identities. Welsh language gets encouraged in schools as part of maintaining cultural uniqueness.

National identity can manifest through extreme nationalism (leading to dangerous behaviour like German Nazism) or civic nationalism (healthy pride in country, like Americans saluting their flag). The key difference lies in whether national pride includes respect for others or demands superiority over them.

These cultural traditions get passed down through generations, creating the rich tapestry of identities that make up modern British society. Each region contributes its own flavour whilst sharing broader national characteristics.

Cultural Pride: Celebrating your cultural background whilst respecting others creates a society where everyone can belong whilst maintaining their unique identity!