Strain Theory and Subcultural Theories
This page covers Merton's influential strain theory and subsequent subcultural strain theories.
Robert K. Merton developed the first strain theory, adapting Durkheim's concept of anomie to explain deviance. His theory combines:
- Structural factors - society's unequal opportunity structure
- Cultural factors - emphasis on success goals over legitimate means
Definition: The American Dream - Cultural ideal that anyone can achieve material success and high status through hard work and merit.
Merton argued strain arises between:
- Cultural goals society encourages e.g.materialsuccess
- What individuals can legitimately achieve given societal structures
This strain produces pressure to use illegitimate means like crime, especially for disadvantaged groups facing blocked opportunities.
Vocabulary: Strain to anomie - The pressure to deviate caused by the gap between cultural goals and available legitimate means.
Albert K. Cohen built on Merton's work with his subcultural strain theory, focusing on working-class male delinquency.
Richard Cloward and Lloyd Ohlin further developed subcultural theories, examining how neighborhood contexts shape delinquent subcultures.
Highlight: Strain theories connect structural inequalities and cultural pressures to explain patterns of crime and deviance.
