The Global Criminal Economy and Its Link to Globalisation

The global criminal economy has emerged as a significant consequence of globalisation, with crime becoming increasingly interconnected across national borders.

Definition: The global criminal economy refers to the worldwide network of illegal activities and transactions that operate across national boundaries.

Key points:

• Held et al $1999$ argue that there has been a globalisation of crime, leading to new opportunities, means, and offenses like cybercrime.
• The global crime economy has both supply and demand sides, with poor countries often serving as sources for drugs, sex workers, and goods, while rich Western nations create demand.
• Globalisation has exacerbated this dynamic by creating economic disparities and opportunities for illegal activities.

Example: In Peru, poverty-stricken populations may turn to drug cultivation as it requires little technological investment and offers higher pay than traditional crops.

The relationship between globalisation and crime patterns is complex, involving economic, social, and technological factors that create new criminal opportunities and challenges for law enforcement.

Highlight: The impact of globalisation on crime patterns is particularly evident in the emergence of transnational criminal networks and the exploitation of economic disparities between nations.

Globalisation, Capitalism, and Crime

Taylor $1997$ argues that globalisation has significantly affected crime patterns, primarily by exacerbating inequality and increasing criminal activities. This section explores the intricate relationship between globalisation and crime sociology.

Key points:

1. Globalisation allows transnational corporations to move manufacturing to low-wage countries, leading to job insecurity, unemployment, and poverty in developed nations.
2. Government deregulation reduces control over national economies, limiting the ability to create jobs, raise taxes, or maintain state welfare programs.
3. Marketisation undermines social cohesion by promoting individualistic consumer behavior.
4. These factors create insecurities and inequalities that push people, especially poorer groups, towards crime.
5. The lack of legitimate employment opportunities drives many to seek illegal alternatives, such as the lucrative drug trade.

Highlight: The negative impact of globalisation on crime patterns is evident in how economic shifts and deregulation create conditions conducive to criminal activities.

Globalisation also creates new criminal opportunities for elite groups:

• Deregulation of financial markets enables insider trading and tax evasion through global fund transfers.
• Changes in employment patterns, such as subcontracting, can lead to illegal working conditions and labor exploitation.

Criticism: While Taylor's theory links global capitalist trends to changing crime patterns, it doesn't fully explain why some individuals turn to crime while others in similar circumstances do not.

This analysis provides valuable insights for those studying the relationship between capitalism and crime, particularly from a Marxist theory of crime perspective.

Castells' Global Criminal Economy

Manuel Castells $1998$ provides a comprehensive overview of the global criminal economy, estimating its worth at £1 trillion annually. This section explores various forms of transnational organized crime.

Definition: Transnational organized crime refers to criminal activities that transcend national borders and involve organized groups operating in multiple countries.

Castells identifies 13 major forms of global criminal activities:

1. Arms trafficking to illegal regimes, groups, and terrorists
2. Trafficking in nuclear materials
3. Smuggling of illegal immigrants e.g., Chinese Triads making $2.5B annually
4. Trafficking of women and children for prostitution and slavery
5. Sex tourism, often involving minors
6. Trafficking of body parts for organ transplants
7. Cybercrimes, including identity theft and child pornography
8. Green crimes, such as illegal toxic waste dumping
9. International terrorism
10. Smuggling of legal goods $e.g., alcohol and tobacco$ to avoid taxes
11. Trafficking of artifacts and endangered species
12. The global drug trade estimated at $300-400B annually at street prices
13. Money laundering approximately $1.5T annually

Example: The Chinese Triads' involvement in human smuggling, generating $2.5 billion per year, illustrates the scale and profitability of transnational crime.

This comprehensive list provides valuable insights for those studying global crime examples and the diverse manifestations of transnational organized crime.

Highlight: The global criminal economy encompasses a wide range of illegal activities, from traditional crimes like drug trafficking to modern offenses like cybercrime, demonstrating the adaptability of criminal networks in the globalized world.

Patterns of Criminal Organisation and Global Risk Consciousness

This section explores how globalisation has influenced the organization of criminal activities and shaped public perceptions of risk.

Patterns of Criminal Organisation:

1. Winlow's study of bouncers demonstrated how de-industrialization and globalisation created new criminal opportunities.
2. Hobbs & Dunnigham found that crime organization is linked to economic changes caused by globalisation, involving loose networks formed around individual 'hubs' with contacts.
3. 'Glocal' organisation: Crime is rooted in local contexts but has international links. For example, the drug trade may vary locally while being influenced by global factors.

Vocabulary: 'Glocal' refers to the interaction between local and global factors in shaping criminal activities.

4. McMafia: Glenny $2008$ uses this term to describe criminal organizations that emerged in Russia and Eastern Europe after the fall of communism, tracing their origins to the deregulation of global markets.

Global Risk Consciousness:

• Globalisation has produced a new mentality of 'risk consciousness,' where risks are perceived as global rather than tied to specific locations.
• Increased movement of people $economic migrants and asylum seekers$ has raised concerns in Western populations about crime risks and border protection.
• Media plays a crucial role in shaping risk perceptions, sometimes creating moral panics about immigrants as terrorists or scroungers.
• Consequences include increased social control measures, such as the UK fining airlines for bringing in undocumented passengers.

Highlight: The concept of global risk consciousness demonstrates how perceptions of crime and security have been transformed by globalisation, often leading to stricter border control and immigration policies.

Crimes of Globalisation and International Financial Organisations

Rothe & Friedrichs $2015$ focus on the role of international financial organizations in facilitating crimes of globalisation.

Key points:

1. International Monetary Fund $IMF$ and World Bank are identified as key players in crimes of globalisation.
2. The World Bank was dominated by major capitalist states, influencing its policies and actions.
3. These organizations' policies and practices can sometimes contribute to economic disparities and create conditions conducive to criminal activities in developing nations.

Highlight: The involvement of international financial institutions in crimes of globalisation highlights the complex relationship between economic policies, development, and criminal activities on a global scale.

This analysis provides valuable insights for those studying the relationship between capitalism and crime from a critical perspective, particularly in the context of global economic institutions and their impact on developing nations.

Example: Structural adjustment programs imposed by the IMF and World Bank on developing countries have sometimes led to increased poverty and social instability, potentially contributing to higher crime rates.

Understanding the role of these international organizations is crucial for comprehending the broader implications of globalisation on crime patterns and economic inequalities worldwide.

Globalisation, Green Crime, Human Rights & State Crime

This page introduces the topic of globalisation's impact on crime patterns, human rights, and state crime. It sets the stage for a detailed exploration of how global interconnectedness has transformed criminal activities and their societal implications.

Highlight: The title suggests a comprehensive examination of how globalisation affects various aspects of crime, including environmental offenses and human rights violations.