Bias Against Women in the Criminal Justice System

This page delves deeper into feminist critiques of the criminal justice system, highlighting how gender biases can affect women's treatment in legal proceedings.

Pat Carlen argues that when women are jailed, it is often based on the court's assessment of their roles as wives, mothers, and daughters rather than solely on the seriousness of their crime. This perspective suggests that women who lead unconventional lives may face harsher sentences.

Example: Scottish judges are more likely to jail women whose children are in care, indicating a bias against those who don't conform to traditional motherhood roles.

The patriarchal nature of the criminal justice system is particularly evident in rape cases:

• Walklate points out that in rape trials, it's often the victim who seems to be on trial, as she must prove her respectability for her evidence to be accepted.
• Alder notes that women deemed to lack responsibility $e.g., single parents$ find it difficult to have their testimony believed by the courts.

Highlight: These observations underscore the double standards and gender biases present in the legal system, especially in cases involving sexual offenses.

The page then introduces sex role theory as an explanation for gender differences in crime, primarily associated with Parsons, Heidensohn, and Dunscombe & Marsden.

Definition: Sex role theory in criminology suggests that traditional gender roles and socialization patterns contribute to differences in criminal behavior between men and women.

According to this theory:

1. Women's expressive role in the home provides girls with a role model, while boys may reject feminine behavior models.
2. Boys might engage in "compensatory compulsive masculinity" through aggression, which could lead to delinquency.
3. The lack of male role models in socialization may drive boys to join all-male street gangs as a source of masculine identity.

However, Walklate criticizes sex role theory for its biological assumptions, arguing that it oversimplifies the relationship between gender and criminal behavior.

Vocabulary: Liberation thesis in sociology suggests that as women gain more equality and freedom in society, their crime rates may increase to levels similar to men's.

The page concludes by noting recent changes in gender roles, with increased male involvement in childcare and more working mothers, potentially impacting primary socialization patterns.

Changing Gender Roles and Crime

This page continues the discussion on changing gender roles and their potential impact on crime patterns. It explores how societal shifts in gender norms and expectations may influence criminal behavior and its perception.

The increasing participation of women in the workforce and the evolving nature of family structures have led to changes in traditional gender roles. These changes may have implications for criminological theories that rely on fixed notions of gender:

1. More balanced primary socialization: With both parents often involved in childcare, children may receive more diverse role models.
2. Reduced gender disparity in opportunities: As women gain more access to education and employment, the traditional explanations for gender differences in crime may become less relevant.

Highlight: The evolution of gender roles challenges traditional criminological theories and necessitates new approaches to understanding gender and crime.

The page likely discusses how these changes might affect various criminological theories:

• Chivalry thesis: As gender equality progresses, the notion of chivalrous treatment of women in the criminal justice system may become outdated.
• Sex role theory: With more fluid gender roles, the strict division of expressive and instrumental roles that this theory relies on may no longer apply.
• Liberation thesis: This theory might gain more attention as it suggests that increased equality could lead to more similar crime rates between genders.

Example: The rise in female white-collar crime could be seen as supporting the liberation thesis, as women gain more access to positions of power in the corporate world.

The page may also address how changing gender roles affect the criminal justice system's approach to female offenders:

1. Evolving perceptions of female criminality: As traditional gender stereotypes break down, there may be shifts in how female offenders are viewed and treated.
2. Potential for more gender-neutral policies: Increased awareness of gender biases might lead to reforms aimed at creating a more equitable justice system.

Vocabulary: Gender differences in crime statistics refer to the observed disparities in crime rates and patterns between men and women as recorded in official data and self-report studies.

The discussion likely emphasizes the need for ongoing research and updated theories to account for these societal changes and their impact on gender and crime.

Contemporary Perspectives on Gender and Crime

This final page likely synthesizes the information presented earlier and discusses contemporary perspectives on gender and crime in sociology. It may address current trends, research findings, and evolving theoretical frameworks.

Key points might include:

1. Intersectionality in criminology: Recognizing that gender interacts with other factors such as race, class, and sexuality in shaping criminal behavior and justice system responses.

Definition: Intersectionality is an analytical framework that examines how various social categories $e.g., gender, race, class$ intersect to create unique experiences of discrimination or privilege.

2. Globalization and transnational crime: Exploring how changing global dynamics affect gender patterns in crime, such as human trafficking or cybercrime.
3. Technology and crime: Discussing how technological advancements may influence gender differences in criminal activities and detection methods.
4. Mental health and crime: Examining the role of mental health issues in gender-specific patterns of criminal behavior and how the justice system responds to these cases.

Example: Research on female offenders with mental health issues and how their treatment in the criminal justice system may differ from male counterparts.

5. Policy implications: Addressing how sociological insights on gender and crime can inform more effective and equitable criminal justice policies.

The page might also touch on emerging areas of research in gender and crime sociology, such as:

• The impact of social media on gendered patterns of cybercrime and online harassment
• Gender differences in desistance from crime and rehabilitation success rates
• The role of gender in specific types of crimes, such as domestic violence or white-collar offenses

Highlight: Contemporary sociological approaches to gender and crime emphasize the need for nuanced, context-specific understanding rather than broad generalizations based on gender alone.

Finally, the page may conclude by stressing the importance of ongoing research and theoretical development in this field, as societal changes continue to shape the landscape of gender and crime.

Quote: "As our understanding of gender and its relationship to crime evolves, so too must our approaches to studying, preventing, and responding to criminal behavior across all genders." - This hypothetical quote encapsulates the dynamic nature of gender and crime studies in sociology.

Page 4: Modern Perspectives on Female Criminality

The page discusses contemporary theories about female criminality and the feminization of poverty.

Definition: Feminisation of Poverty refers to the increasing concentration of poverty among women.

Statistics: 20% of women live in poverty compared to 18% of men, with 45% of single parents $90$ living in poverty.

Highlight: The Liberation Thesis suggests a connection between women's changing social position and female offending patterns.

Gender and Crime: Sociological Perspectives

This page introduces the topic of gender differences in crime and presents key sociological theories and arguments. It explores the validity of official crime statistics and feminist perspectives on criminology.

Highlight: Carol Smart argues that "Women are generally ignored within the sociological study of crime," emphasizing the need for a more inclusive approach to criminology.

The chivalry thesis, proposed by Otto Polack in 1950, suggests that women appear to commit fewer crimes due to men's chivalrous treatment of women in the criminal justice system. This theory is supported by several studies:

• Flood-Page $2000$ found that only 1 in 11 female self-reported offenders had been cautioned, compared to 1 in 7 for males.
• Hood $1989$ observed that women were one-third less likely to be jailed in similar cases when examining 3,000 defendants.

However, the chivalry thesis has been challenged by other research:

Example: Farrington and Morris's study on theft sentencing found no evidence of more lenient treatment for women.

Feminist scholars have proposed alternative explanations for gender differences in crime:

1. Double Victimisation: Walklate $2000$ argues that women are not always treated chivalrously by the criminal justice system.
2. Double Deviancy: Carlen $1998$ and Heidensohn $2002$ suggest that women who commit crimes are viewed as doubly deviant for breaking both the law and gender norms.

Vocabulary: Double deviancy theory refers to the idea that women who commit crimes are judged more harshly because they violate both legal and gender norms.

The page also introduces the concept of bias against women in the criminal justice system, particularly in cases involving sexual offenses or when women deviate from traditional gender roles.