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10 Dec 2025
•
Understanding Class Influences on Education
lottie
@l0ttie
1 / 7
Labelling and Self-Fulfilling Prophecy
Teachers often label students based on stereotypical assumptions about class, gender, and ethnicity rather than actual ability. Working-class students typically receive negative labels, while middle-class students get positive ones.
The self-fulfilling prophecy happens when teachers treat students as if their labels are true, creating expectations that students eventually internalise and live up to. Rist's study showed this starts early - primary teachers grouped children into 'Tigers' and 'Cardinals and Clowns' .
Hargreaves' "halo effect" means once a teacher labels you, it influences all future interactions. Meanwhile, Keddie found that knowledge isn't distributed fairly - working-class students in lower groups get 'dumbed down' content whilst middle-class students receive the full, detailed curriculum.
Key Point: Rosenthal and Jacobsen's famous experiment proved that when teachers expect students to succeed (even randomly selected ones), those students actually do perform better - showing how powerful teacher expectations really are.
Setting, Streaming and Educational Triage
Setting places students in different groups for individual subjects, whilst streaming puts them in the same group for every subject. Streaming is particularly problematic because a student excellent at English but weak at maths gets stuck in all high-level classes, potentially struggling in some areas.
These systems often create anti-school subcultures when working-class students become frustrated with being placed in lower streams. Unable to achieve status through academic success, they form alternative value systems that reject school rules and expectations.
Educational triage works like hospital emergency rooms - teachers sort students into those likely to pass, borderline cases worth extra help, and 'hopeless cases' they largely ignore. Gillborn and Youdell found this creates an 'A-to-C economy' where schools focus resources on students most likely to boost league table positions.
Reality Check: Once you're placed in a lower stream, it's incredibly difficult to move up, even if you have the ability - creating a cycle where low expectations lead to underachievement.
Pupil Subcultures and Student Responses
Pupil subcultures emerge when students with similar values and behaviours group together, often as a response to how they've been labelled and streamed. Lacey identified two key processes: differentiation (teachers categorising pupils) and polarisation (pupils moving towards extreme responses).
Pro-school subcultures typically form among higher-stream students who embrace school values and gain status through academic achievement. Anti-school subcultures develop when lower-stream students, feeling their self-worth undermined, seek alternative ways to gain respect by rejecting school rules - talking back, truanting, or breaking uniform policies.
However, Woods showed that student responses aren't just binary. You might use ingratiation (being teacher's pet), ritualism (going through the motions), retreatism (daydreaming), or rebellion depending on the situation and teacher.
Important: Ball's study proved that even when streaming was abolished, class inequalities continued through teacher labelling - showing how deeply embedded these processes are in education.
Class Identity and School Values
Bourdieu's concept of habitus explains how your class background shapes your tastes, lifestyle preferences, and expectations about 'what's normal for people like us'. Since schools reflect middle-class values, working-class students often find their cultural background devalued or seen as inferior.
This creates symbolic violence - when schools withhold recognition and status from working-class pupils whose accents, clothing choices, or behaviours don't match middle-class expectations. For working-class students, educational success can feel like 'losing yourself' or having to abandon your identity.
Archer's research on 'Nike identities' showed how working-class students invest heavily in branded clothing and street style to create self-worth when schools deny them status. Whilst this gives them respect among peers and protection from bullying, it often conflicts with school dress codes and leads to further labelling.
Think About It: Many working-class students see higher education as 'not for people like us' - not just because of cost, but because it doesn't fit their preferred lifestyle or identity.
Symbolic Capital and Educational Choices
Symbolic capital is the status and recognition you gain when your cultural background matches what schools value. Middle-class students automatically earn this through their accent, interests, and behaviour, whilst working-class students face symbolic violence when their culture is dismissed as worthless.
Working-class pupils often view higher education as both unrealistic (not for people like them, too expensive, risky) and undesirable (incompatible with their lifestyle, requiring them to change who they are). This leads to self-exclusion - actively choosing to reject educational opportunities.
Ingram's study of working-class boys showed the intense pressure to 'fit in' when attending middle-class schools. Strong neighbourhood ties and emphasis on conformity within working-class communities can create tension between succeeding at school and maintaining your identity.
Key Insight: Even successful working-class students often experience constant pressure to choose between their background and educational achievement - a choice middle-class students never have to make.
Working-Class Success and Self-Exclusion
Despite general patterns of underachievement, many working-class students do succeed educationally. However, the clash between working-class identity and educational institutions continues even at university level, creating ongoing barriers to full participation.
Evans found working-class A-level students were reluctant to apply to elite universities like Oxford, feeling they wouldn't 'fit in' despite having the grades. Strong attachment to their local area meant most preferred staying close to home rather than moving away for university.
Self-exclusion from elite institutions significantly narrows options for working-class students, limiting their potential success. This isn't about lack of ability or aspiration - it's about deeply ingrained beliefs about what opportunities truly exist for 'people like them'.
Bottom Line: The education system consistently forces working-class people to choose between maintaining their identity and conforming to middle-class values to succeed - a fundamentally unfair choice that middle-class students never face.
How Internal and External Factors Connect
You can't understand class differences in achievement by looking at school factors or home background alone - they constantly interact and reinforce each other. Working-class speech patterns might lead to teacher labelling, whilst poverty can cause stigma that leads to truanting and failure.
External policies like league tables drive internal school processes such as streaming and the A-to-C economy. Teachers' beliefs about working-class home backgrounds directly contribute to creating the underachievement they expect to see.
The relationship works both ways - working-class habitus formed outside school clashes with middle-class school values, leading to symbolic violence and feelings that education isn't 'for people like us'. Meanwhile, school experiences of labelling and low expectations can reinforce existing class identities and limit aspirations.
Reality Check: Understanding educational inequality requires seeing how poverty, family background, school policies, teacher attitudes, and student responses all work together to create - or challenge - class-based achievement gaps.
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The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
Understanding Class Influences on Education
lottie
@l0ttie
Ever wonder why your mate from a working-class family might struggle more at school than someone from a middle-class background? It's not about intelligence - it's about how schools themselves can create barriers through labelling, expectations, and clashing values that... Show more
Labelling and Self-Fulfilling Prophecy
Teachers often label students based on stereotypical assumptions about class, gender, and ethnicity rather than actual ability. Working-class students typically receive negative labels, while middle-class students get positive ones.
The self-fulfilling prophecy happens when teachers treat students as if their labels are true, creating expectations that students eventually internalise and live up to. Rist's study showed this starts early - primary teachers grouped children into 'Tigers' and 'Cardinals and Clowns' .
Hargreaves' "halo effect" means once a teacher labels you, it influences all future interactions. Meanwhile, Keddie found that knowledge isn't distributed fairly - working-class students in lower groups get 'dumbed down' content whilst middle-class students receive the full, detailed curriculum.
Key Point: Rosenthal and Jacobsen's famous experiment proved that when teachers expect students to succeed (even randomly selected ones), those students actually do perform better - showing how powerful teacher expectations really are.
Sign up to see the contentIt's free!
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Improve your grades
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Setting, Streaming and Educational Triage
Setting places students in different groups for individual subjects, whilst streaming puts them in the same group for every subject. Streaming is particularly problematic because a student excellent at English but weak at maths gets stuck in all high-level classes, potentially struggling in some areas.
These systems often create anti-school subcultures when working-class students become frustrated with being placed in lower streams. Unable to achieve status through academic success, they form alternative value systems that reject school rules and expectations.
Educational triage works like hospital emergency rooms - teachers sort students into those likely to pass, borderline cases worth extra help, and 'hopeless cases' they largely ignore. Gillborn and Youdell found this creates an 'A-to-C economy' where schools focus resources on students most likely to boost league table positions.
Reality Check: Once you're placed in a lower stream, it's incredibly difficult to move up, even if you have the ability - creating a cycle where low expectations lead to underachievement.
Sign up to see the contentIt's free!
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Pupil Subcultures and Student Responses
Pupil subcultures emerge when students with similar values and behaviours group together, often as a response to how they've been labelled and streamed. Lacey identified two key processes: differentiation (teachers categorising pupils) and polarisation (pupils moving towards extreme responses).
Pro-school subcultures typically form among higher-stream students who embrace school values and gain status through academic achievement. Anti-school subcultures develop when lower-stream students, feeling their self-worth undermined, seek alternative ways to gain respect by rejecting school rules - talking back, truanting, or breaking uniform policies.
However, Woods showed that student responses aren't just binary. You might use ingratiation (being teacher's pet), ritualism (going through the motions), retreatism (daydreaming), or rebellion depending on the situation and teacher.
Important: Ball's study proved that even when streaming was abolished, class inequalities continued through teacher labelling - showing how deeply embedded these processes are in education.
Sign up to see the contentIt's free!
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Class Identity and School Values
Bourdieu's concept of habitus explains how your class background shapes your tastes, lifestyle preferences, and expectations about 'what's normal for people like us'. Since schools reflect middle-class values, working-class students often find their cultural background devalued or seen as inferior.
This creates symbolic violence - when schools withhold recognition and status from working-class pupils whose accents, clothing choices, or behaviours don't match middle-class expectations. For working-class students, educational success can feel like 'losing yourself' or having to abandon your identity.
Archer's research on 'Nike identities' showed how working-class students invest heavily in branded clothing and street style to create self-worth when schools deny them status. Whilst this gives them respect among peers and protection from bullying, it often conflicts with school dress codes and leads to further labelling.
Think About It: Many working-class students see higher education as 'not for people like us' - not just because of cost, but because it doesn't fit their preferred lifestyle or identity.
Sign up to see the contentIt's free!
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Symbolic Capital and Educational Choices
Symbolic capital is the status and recognition you gain when your cultural background matches what schools value. Middle-class students automatically earn this through their accent, interests, and behaviour, whilst working-class students face symbolic violence when their culture is dismissed as worthless.
Working-class pupils often view higher education as both unrealistic (not for people like them, too expensive, risky) and undesirable (incompatible with their lifestyle, requiring them to change who they are). This leads to self-exclusion - actively choosing to reject educational opportunities.
Ingram's study of working-class boys showed the intense pressure to 'fit in' when attending middle-class schools. Strong neighbourhood ties and emphasis on conformity within working-class communities can create tension between succeeding at school and maintaining your identity.
Key Insight: Even successful working-class students often experience constant pressure to choose between their background and educational achievement - a choice middle-class students never have to make.
Sign up to see the contentIt's free!
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Working-Class Success and Self-Exclusion
Despite general patterns of underachievement, many working-class students do succeed educationally. However, the clash between working-class identity and educational institutions continues even at university level, creating ongoing barriers to full participation.
Evans found working-class A-level students were reluctant to apply to elite universities like Oxford, feeling they wouldn't 'fit in' despite having the grades. Strong attachment to their local area meant most preferred staying close to home rather than moving away for university.
Self-exclusion from elite institutions significantly narrows options for working-class students, limiting their potential success. This isn't about lack of ability or aspiration - it's about deeply ingrained beliefs about what opportunities truly exist for 'people like them'.
Bottom Line: The education system consistently forces working-class people to choose between maintaining their identity and conforming to middle-class values to succeed - a fundamentally unfair choice that middle-class students never face.
Sign up to see the contentIt's free!
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
How Internal and External Factors Connect
You can't understand class differences in achievement by looking at school factors or home background alone - they constantly interact and reinforce each other. Working-class speech patterns might lead to teacher labelling, whilst poverty can cause stigma that leads to truanting and failure.
External policies like league tables drive internal school processes such as streaming and the A-to-C economy. Teachers' beliefs about working-class home backgrounds directly contribute to creating the underachievement they expect to see.
The relationship works both ways - working-class habitus formed outside school clashes with middle-class school values, leading to symbolic violence and feelings that education isn't 'for people like us'. Meanwhile, school experiences of labelling and low expectations can reinforce existing class identities and limit aspirations.
Reality Check: Understanding educational inequality requires seeing how poverty, family background, school policies, teacher attitudes, and student responses all work together to create - or challenge - class-based achievement gaps.
We thought you’d never ask...
What is the Knowunity AI companion?
Our AI Companion is a student-focused AI tool that offers more than just answers. Built on millions of Knowunity resources, it provides relevant information, personalised study plans, quizzes, and content directly in the chat, adapting to your individual learning journey.
Where can I download the Knowunity app?
You can download the app from Google Play Store and Apple App Store.
Is Knowunity really free of charge?
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help – all at your fingertips.
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Most popular content: Social Reproduction
Most popular content in Sociology
Most popular content
English - inspector calls quotes and analysis
Quotes from every main character
English Literature10
Can't find what you're looking for? Explore other subjects.
Students love us — and so will you.
4.9/5
App Store
4.8/5
Google Play
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user