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0
Saffron
24/07/2025
Sociology
A-Level Sociology: Crime & Deviance- Ethnicity, Crime & Justice
Stop and Search Practices and Ethnic Disparities
This section focuses on the controversial practice of stop and search and its impact on different ethnic communities in the UK. It presents recent statistics and discusses potential explanations for observed disparities.
Definition: Stop and search is a police power that allows officers to search individuals if they have 'reasonable suspicion' of wrongdoing.
Key statistics highlighted in this section include:
- In 2020, Black individuals were 9 times more likely to be stopped and searched than White individuals
- Asian individuals were over 2 times more likely to be stopped and searched than White individuals
- Black people were 4 times more likely to have force used against them by Metropolitan Police officers in 2019
The document presents three potential explanations for these disparities:
- Police racism and institutional bias
- Ethnic differences in offending rates
- Demographic factors that correlate with both ethnicity and likelihood of being stopped
Quote: Phillips & Bowling argue that "members of these communities therefore feel over-policed and under-protected, having no faith in the police."
The section also mentions the 1999 Macpherson report, which concluded that the Metropolitan Police was institutionally racist following the investigation of Stephen Lawrence's murder.
Highlight: The disproportionate use of stop and search on minority ethnic groups has led to ongoing debates about police practices and their impact on community relations.
Ethnicity and the Criminal Justice System
This section examines how ethnicity influences various stages of the criminal justice process, from arrest through to sentencing and incarceration. It presents statistics and research findings that highlight potential disparities.
Key points discussed include:
- Arrest rates: In 2019, Black individuals in England and Wales had arrest rates 3 times higher than White individuals
- Cautions: Black and Asian arrestees are less likely to receive just a caution, possibly due to higher rates of denying offenses and exercising their right to legal aid
- Prosecution: Studies suggest the Crown Prosecution Service is more likely to drop cases involving ethnic minorities, potentially due to weak evidence based on stereotypes
- Trial preferences: Minority defendants are more likely to elect for Crown Court trials, possibly due to concerns about magistrate impartiality
- Convictions: Black and Asian defendants are less likely to be found guilty, which could suggest discrimination in case selection
- Sentencing: Black and Asian offenders face slightly higher imprisonment rates compared to White offenders
Example: In 2021, Black individuals were over 4 times more likely to be in prison than White individuals, with both Black and Asian prisoners serving longer sentences on average.
The document also discusses pre-trial reports and their potential impact on conviction rates:
Quote: Hudson & Bramhall argue that "racist attitudes in these reports can lead to higher conviction rates, like how the reports labelled Asians/Muslims as unremorseful after 9/11."
This section highlights the complex interplay between ethnicity and various stages of the criminal justice system, emphasizing the need for further research and analysis to understand and address potential disparities.
Page 3: Theoretical Perspectives on Ethnic Differences
This page explores various theoretical explanations for ethnic differences in crime statistics, incorporating both sociological and criminological perspectives.
Definition: Relative deprivation refers to the perception of unfair difference between one's actual situation and what one feels entitled to.
Example: Left realist theorists argue that economic exclusion and marginalization contribute to higher crime rates among certain ethnic groups.
Highlight: The role of media and consumerism in creating feelings of relative deprivation is particularly significant for understanding crime motivations.
Overview of Ethnicity and Crime Statistics
This section introduces key statistics and trends related to ethnicity and crime in the UK. It highlights the complex nature of this topic and the importance of examining multiple data sources.
Highlight: Victim surveys reveal that crime is often intra-ethnic, occurring within rather than between ethnic groups.
The document examines various sources of crime statistics, including:
- Victim surveys like the Crime Survey for England and Wales
- Stop and search data
- Self-report studies
- Arrest and caution statistics
- Prosecution and trial data
- Conviction and sentencing information
Each of these sources provides unique insights into the relationship between ethnicity and crime, but also comes with limitations that must be considered.
Example: The CSEW asks individuals about crimes they've experienced, providing information on the ethnicity of both victims and offenders. However, it only covers personal crimes, which represent about 20% of all crime.
The section also introduces the concept of overrepresentation, noting that certain ethnic groups appear to be disproportionately represented in various crime statistics.
Vocabulary: Overrepresentation refers to a situation where a particular group appears more frequently in statistics than would be expected based on their proportion of the general population.
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Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
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Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
A-Level Sociology: Ethnicity, Crime Stats & Justice in the UK 2023
The criminal justice system's relationship with ethnicity in the UK reveals significant disparities in policing, victimization, and representation across different ethnic groups, with particular focus on stop and search statistics UK ethnicity and racial victimization patterns.
• Stop and search... Show more
Stop and Search Practices and Ethnic Disparities
This section focuses on the controversial practice of stop and search and its impact on different ethnic communities in the UK. It presents recent statistics and discusses potential explanations for observed disparities.
Definition: Stop and search is a police power that allows officers to search individuals if they have 'reasonable suspicion' of wrongdoing.
Key statistics highlighted in this section include:
- In 2020, Black individuals were 9 times more likely to be stopped and searched than White individuals
- Asian individuals were over 2 times more likely to be stopped and searched than White individuals
- Black people were 4 times more likely to have force used against them by Metropolitan Police officers in 2019
The document presents three potential explanations for these disparities:
- Police racism and institutional bias
- Ethnic differences in offending rates
- Demographic factors that correlate with both ethnicity and likelihood of being stopped
Quote: Phillips & Bowling argue that "members of these communities therefore feel over-policed and under-protected, having no faith in the police."
The section also mentions the 1999 Macpherson report, which concluded that the Metropolitan Police was institutionally racist following the investigation of Stephen Lawrence's murder.
Highlight: The disproportionate use of stop and search on minority ethnic groups has led to ongoing debates about police practices and their impact on community relations.
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Ethnicity and the Criminal Justice System
This section examines how ethnicity influences various stages of the criminal justice process, from arrest through to sentencing and incarceration. It presents statistics and research findings that highlight potential disparities.
Key points discussed include:
- Arrest rates: In 2019, Black individuals in England and Wales had arrest rates 3 times higher than White individuals
- Cautions: Black and Asian arrestees are less likely to receive just a caution, possibly due to higher rates of denying offenses and exercising their right to legal aid
- Prosecution: Studies suggest the Crown Prosecution Service is more likely to drop cases involving ethnic minorities, potentially due to weak evidence based on stereotypes
- Trial preferences: Minority defendants are more likely to elect for Crown Court trials, possibly due to concerns about magistrate impartiality
- Convictions: Black and Asian defendants are less likely to be found guilty, which could suggest discrimination in case selection
- Sentencing: Black and Asian offenders face slightly higher imprisonment rates compared to White offenders
Example: In 2021, Black individuals were over 4 times more likely to be in prison than White individuals, with both Black and Asian prisoners serving longer sentences on average.
The document also discusses pre-trial reports and their potential impact on conviction rates:
Quote: Hudson & Bramhall argue that "racist attitudes in these reports can lead to higher conviction rates, like how the reports labelled Asians/Muslims as unremorseful after 9/11."
This section highlights the complex interplay between ethnicity and various stages of the criminal justice system, emphasizing the need for further research and analysis to understand and address potential disparities.
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Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Page 3: Theoretical Perspectives on Ethnic Differences
This page explores various theoretical explanations for ethnic differences in crime statistics, incorporating both sociological and criminological perspectives.
Definition: Relative deprivation refers to the perception of unfair difference between one's actual situation and what one feels entitled to.
Example: Left realist theorists argue that economic exclusion and marginalization contribute to higher crime rates among certain ethnic groups.
Highlight: The role of media and consumerism in creating feelings of relative deprivation is particularly significant for understanding crime motivations.
Sign up to see the contentIt's free!
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Overview of Ethnicity and Crime Statistics
This section introduces key statistics and trends related to ethnicity and crime in the UK. It highlights the complex nature of this topic and the importance of examining multiple data sources.
Highlight: Victim surveys reveal that crime is often intra-ethnic, occurring within rather than between ethnic groups.
The document examines various sources of crime statistics, including:
- Victim surveys like the Crime Survey for England and Wales
- Stop and search data
- Self-report studies
- Arrest and caution statistics
- Prosecution and trial data
- Conviction and sentencing information
Each of these sources provides unique insights into the relationship between ethnicity and crime, but also comes with limitations that must be considered.
Example: The CSEW asks individuals about crimes they've experienced, providing information on the ethnicity of both victims and offenders. However, it only covers personal crimes, which represent about 20% of all crime.
The section also introduces the concept of overrepresentation, noting that certain ethnic groups appear to be disproportionately represented in various crime statistics.
Vocabulary: Overrepresentation refers to a situation where a particular group appears more frequently in statistics than would be expected based on their proportion of the general population.
We thought you’d never ask...
What is the Knowunity AI companion?
Our AI Companion is a student-focused AI tool that offers more than just answers. Built on millions of Knowunity resources, it provides relevant information, personalised study plans, quizzes, and content directly in the chat, adapting to your individual learning journey.
Where can I download the Knowunity app?
You can download the app from Google Play Store and Apple App Store.
Is Knowunity really free of charge?
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help – all at your fingertips.
Can't find what you're looking for? Explore other subjects.
Students love us — and so will you.
4.9/5
App Store
4.8/5
Google Play
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user