Page 2: Holism and Evaluation of Approaches

This page delves deeper into holism and provides an evaluation of both reductionist and holistic approaches in psychology.

Holism is further explained through the concept of Gestalt psychology, which posits that what we see only makes sense when we consider the whole image, emphasizing the importance of dealing with each person holistically.

The evaluation section compares the strengths and weaknesses of reductionism and holism:

Reductionism Evaluation:

1. Strength: Reductionist approaches can lead to the development of effective treatments for mental illnesses.

Example: The established link between high dopamine levels and schizophrenia has led to the development of anti-psychotic drugs to manage symptoms.

2. Weakness: Reductionist approaches may oversimplify complex phenomena.

Example: Viewing depression solely as a case of low serotonin ignores other contributing factors such as bereavement or job loss.

Holism Evaluation:

1. Strength: Holistic perspectives can reveal aspects of social behavior that only emerge in group settings.

Example: The Stanford Prison Experiment demonstrated effects of conformity and deindividuation that could not be understood by studying participants as individuals.

2. Weakness: Holistic explanations in psychology can be challenging to test scientifically.

Highlight: When multiple factors contribute to a condition like depression, it becomes difficult to establish which is most influential for treatment purposes.

Page 1: Reductionism vs Holism - Basic Concepts

This page introduces the fundamental concepts of reductionism and holism in psychology, focusing on their definitions and key characteristics.

Reductionism is defined as analyzing behavior by breaking it down into its constituent parts. It is based on the principle of parsimony, which states that complex phenomena should be explained in the simplest possible terms. Reductionism argues that all behavior should be explained using the most basic (lower levels) principles, with explanations becoming more specific and scientific at lower levels.

Two main types of reductionism are discussed:

1. Biological Reductionism: This approach explains behavior through neurochemical, neurophysiological, evolutionary, and genetic influences.

Example: Billett et al (1998) conducted a meta-analysis of 14 twin studies on Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) and found that monozygotic twins were more than twice as likely to develop the disorder compared to dizygotic twins, suggesting a strong genetic component.

2. Environmental Reductionism: This approach, exemplified by the behaviorist perspective, focuses on observable behavior and breaks down complex learning into simple stimulus-response links.

Example: The formation of attachments in babies is explained as a simple learning sequence of stimulus-response, associating the mother (conditioned stimulus) with the pleasure of being fed.

Holism, on the other hand, is presented as the belief that understanding human behavior can only be achieved by analyzing the person or behavior as a whole, rather than its constituent parts.

Highlight: Holism considers multiple factors such as cognitive, emotional, spiritual, developmental, social, cultural, environmental, and economic aspects when analyzing behavior.