AQA A Level Psychology: Relationship Revision Guide

Sexual Selection and Attraction

Your brain is basically running ancient software when it comes to attraction. Sexual selection explains why certain traits become more exaggerated over time - they help people reproduce successfully. It all comes down to anisogamy: men can have children for decades whilst women have a more limited fertile window, making them a 'rarer resource'.

This creates different mating strategies. Women typically go for quality over quantity because they invest more time and energy (nine months of pregnancy, anyone?). Men often compete through displays of strength, resources, or risk-taking behaviour to catch female attention.

Physical attractiveness acts like an honest signal of genetic fitness. Research shows we're drawn to symmetrical faces and 'baby-face' features because they suggest good genes. There's even a halo effect - we assume attractive people have other positive qualities too.

Remember: The matching hypothesis suggests we typically end up with partners of similar attractiveness levels to avoid rejection and disappointment.

Self-disclosure follows predictable patterns too. Altman and Taylor's social penetration theory describes relationships like onions - we gradually reveal deeper layers as trust builds. The key is reciprocity: both people need to open up at similar rates for intimacy to develop properly.

Relationship Theories That Actually Make Sense

Think of relationships like business transactions (sounds unromantic, but hear us out). Social Exchange Theory suggests we all follow a 'minimax' principle - maximising rewards whilst minimising costs. You're constantly weighing up whether your relationship gives good 'value for money' in terms of time, energy, and emotional investment.

The theory identifies four stages: sampling (testing the waters), bargaining (negotiating what works), commitment (things become predictable), and institutionalisation (settling into established patterns). Your comparison level - what you think you deserve - heavily influences relationship satisfaction.

Rusbult's Investment Model adds another crucial factor: investment. Even if satisfaction drops, couples with high investment (shared memories, children, property) are more likely to work through problems. It's not just about happiness - it's about how much you'd lose by leaving.

Key insight: Equity theory suggests fairness matters more than maximising gains - relationships work best when both partners feel the give-and-take is balanced.

When relationships do break down, Duck's Phase Model shows it's rarely sudden. It starts with private worry (intra-psychic), moves to confrontations (dyadic), becomes public (social), then ends with reputation management (grave-dressing). Understanding these phases can actually help save struggling relationships.

Digital Age Relationships

Your online relationships work differently from face-to-face ones, and science explains why. Virtual relationships develop faster and more intensely because of reduced social barriers and increased control over self-presentation.

The hyperpersonal model shows how online dating can be more intimate than real-life meetings. You control exactly what information to share and how to present yourself, leading to selective self-presentation. This can create incredibly honest connections - or completely false ones, depending on your approach.

Gating theory explains why some people thrive online. Physical appearance, social anxiety, or speech difficulties that might block relationships in person become irrelevant online. This allows your 'true self' to shine through without superficial distractions getting in the way.

Digital reality check: Online relationships aren't actually cue-free - we use emojis, timing, and message tone as substitutes for facial expressions and body language.

Parasocial relationships (one-way connections with celebrities) follow predictable patterns too. They start as entertainment, can become intensely personal, and occasionally turn pathological. The absorption-addiction model suggests these relationships help people escape reality when they're struggling with real-life connections.

McCutcheon's research shows these celebrity attachments often fill gaps left by insecure early relationships, though the evidence for this attachment explanation remains mixed.