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Britain & the wider world: 1745 -1901
1l the quest for political stability: germany, 1871-1991
The cold war
Inter-war germany
Medieval period: 1066 -1509
2d religious conflict and the church in england, c1529-c1570
2o democracy and nazism: germany, 1918-1945
1f industrialisation and the people: britain, c1783-1885
1c the tudors: england, 1485-1603
2m wars and welfare: britain in transition, 1906-1957
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2n revolution and dictatorship: russia, 1917-1953
2s the making of modern britain, 1951-2007
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1
0
charlie ๐ธ
02/12/2025
Psychology
OCR GCSE Psychology Paper 1 - Psychological Problems
73
โข
2 Dec 2025
โข
charlie ๐ธ
@_3rzuc
Mental health affects millions of people worldwide and understanding it... Show more
Think of mental health as a continuum rather than just "healthy" or "unwell" - everyone sits somewhere on this sliding scale. Currently, 1 in 4 British adults and 1 in 10 children receive mental health diagnoses, with numbers rising due to social media, COVID-19, and increased awareness.
Stigma creates massive barriers both before and after diagnosis. Before seeking help, people often feel like attention-seekers or think "it's all in their head," which stops them getting support. After diagnosis, constant labelling and assumptions can create a self-fulfilling prophecy where people start behaving exactly as others expect them to.
The ripple effects spread far beyond the individual. Workplace productivity drops, communities may face anti-social behaviour, and public services face increased demand. However, care in the community (treating patients at home rather than hospitals) helps people reintegrate into society whilst reducing strain on healthcare systems.
Key Point: Mental health definitions have changed dramatically over time - homosexuality was removed as a mental disorder in 1990, showing how our understanding evolves.
Schizophrenia affects 1% of the population and typically emerges by age 40, hitting men and women equally. The symptoms include delusions, hallucinations, disorganised speech, and catatonic behaviour - though 25% of people recover fully.
The dopamine hypothesis suggests that high dopamine levels cause symptoms like erratic behaviour and hallucinations. Brain scans reveal structural differences: smaller hippocampus affects emotions, reduced temporal lobe volume causes auditory hallucinations, and restricted blood flow to the prefrontal cortex makes organisation difficult.
Social drift theory explains why schizophrenia appears more common in lower social classes. The condition itself - not social status - may cause people to drift downwards due to becoming unmotivated, neglected, and facing discrimination.
Daniel's study used brain scans on 10 patients, finding that amphetamines improved performance by increasing prefrontal cortex activity. However, critics argue this research is reductionist, culturally biased, and potentially harmful to participants.
Reality Check: Establishing cause and effect is tricky - does low social status cause schizophrenia, or does schizophrenia cause people to lose social status?
Depression hits 4-10% of England's population, with women (33%) affected nearly twice as much as men (19%). Half of all cases are diagnosed in childhood, making early understanding crucial. Symptoms include persistent low mood, hopelessness, zero motivation, and suicidal thoughts.
The ABC model explains depression through irrational thinking patterns. An Activating event triggers certain Beliefs (rational or irrational), leading to emotional Consequences. This model supports cognitive behavioural therapy but gets criticised for being reductionist and potentially blaming patients for their illness.
Social rank theory suggests depression evolved as an adaptive response to losing social competition. When humans lose status or resources, depression makes them "yield to winners," maintaining social peace. However, this theory struggles to explain why wealthy people also experience depression.
Tandoc's study of 736 US students found heavy Facebook users showed stronger envy, with Facebook envy leading to depression rather than causing it. Critics highlight cultural bias, social desirability issues, and age limitations in this research.
Think About It: Is feeling depressed after losing your job actually an irrational response, or could it be completely rational?
Anti-psychotic medications treat schizophrenia by blocking dopamine receptors. Typical antipsychotics reduce positive symptoms but cause serious side effects like seizures and tremors. Atypical antipsychotics work similarly but also affect serotonin, causing weight gain instead of neurological problems.
Anti-depressants (SSRIs) increase serotonin levels by blocking reuptake at the pre-synaptic neuron. More serotonin in the synapse means better neural communication and improved mood - though they don't work for everyone.
Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) uses the ABC model to challenge irrational thoughts over 5-20 sessions. Patients keep thought diaries to identify negative patterns, then work to develop more positive perspectives. This approach helps schizophrenia patients re-evaluate voices and depression patients tackle negative thinking.
Assessment tools include brain imaging (PET scans show medication effects), the Wisconsin Card Sort (tests frontal lobe function in schizophrenia), and Beck's Depression Inventory .
Bottom Line: Combining medication with talking therapy often produces the best outcomes - there's no one-size-fits-all solution to mental health treatment.
Our AI Companion is a student-focused AI tool that offers more than just answers. Built on millions of Knowunity resources, it provides relevant information, personalised study plans, quizzes, and content directly in the chat, adapting to your individual learning journey.
You can download the app from Google Play Store and Apple App Store.
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help โ all at your fingertips.
Quotes from every main character
English LiteratureApp Store
Google Play
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because itโs too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didnโt even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as Iโm sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH ๐๐๐ฒ๐ค๐โจ๐๐ฎ
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because itโs too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didnโt even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as Iโm sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH ๐๐๐ฒ๐ค๐โจ๐๐ฎ
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
charlie ๐ธ
@_3rzuc
Mental health affects millions of people worldwide and understanding it properly is crucial for breaking down harmful stereotypes. This topic covers how we define and measure mental health, explore conditions like schizophrenia and depression, and examine the treatments available to... Show more
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Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Think of mental health as a continuum rather than just "healthy" or "unwell" - everyone sits somewhere on this sliding scale. Currently, 1 in 4 British adults and 1 in 10 children receive mental health diagnoses, with numbers rising due to social media, COVID-19, and increased awareness.
Stigma creates massive barriers both before and after diagnosis. Before seeking help, people often feel like attention-seekers or think "it's all in their head," which stops them getting support. After diagnosis, constant labelling and assumptions can create a self-fulfilling prophecy where people start behaving exactly as others expect them to.
The ripple effects spread far beyond the individual. Workplace productivity drops, communities may face anti-social behaviour, and public services face increased demand. However, care in the community (treating patients at home rather than hospitals) helps people reintegrate into society whilst reducing strain on healthcare systems.
Key Point: Mental health definitions have changed dramatically over time - homosexuality was removed as a mental disorder in 1990, showing how our understanding evolves.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Schizophrenia affects 1% of the population and typically emerges by age 40, hitting men and women equally. The symptoms include delusions, hallucinations, disorganised speech, and catatonic behaviour - though 25% of people recover fully.
The dopamine hypothesis suggests that high dopamine levels cause symptoms like erratic behaviour and hallucinations. Brain scans reveal structural differences: smaller hippocampus affects emotions, reduced temporal lobe volume causes auditory hallucinations, and restricted blood flow to the prefrontal cortex makes organisation difficult.
Social drift theory explains why schizophrenia appears more common in lower social classes. The condition itself - not social status - may cause people to drift downwards due to becoming unmotivated, neglected, and facing discrimination.
Daniel's study used brain scans on 10 patients, finding that amphetamines improved performance by increasing prefrontal cortex activity. However, critics argue this research is reductionist, culturally biased, and potentially harmful to participants.
Reality Check: Establishing cause and effect is tricky - does low social status cause schizophrenia, or does schizophrenia cause people to lose social status?
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Depression hits 4-10% of England's population, with women (33%) affected nearly twice as much as men (19%). Half of all cases are diagnosed in childhood, making early understanding crucial. Symptoms include persistent low mood, hopelessness, zero motivation, and suicidal thoughts.
The ABC model explains depression through irrational thinking patterns. An Activating event triggers certain Beliefs (rational or irrational), leading to emotional Consequences. This model supports cognitive behavioural therapy but gets criticised for being reductionist and potentially blaming patients for their illness.
Social rank theory suggests depression evolved as an adaptive response to losing social competition. When humans lose status or resources, depression makes them "yield to winners," maintaining social peace. However, this theory struggles to explain why wealthy people also experience depression.
Tandoc's study of 736 US students found heavy Facebook users showed stronger envy, with Facebook envy leading to depression rather than causing it. Critics highlight cultural bias, social desirability issues, and age limitations in this research.
Think About It: Is feeling depressed after losing your job actually an irrational response, or could it be completely rational?
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Anti-psychotic medications treat schizophrenia by blocking dopamine receptors. Typical antipsychotics reduce positive symptoms but cause serious side effects like seizures and tremors. Atypical antipsychotics work similarly but also affect serotonin, causing weight gain instead of neurological problems.
Anti-depressants (SSRIs) increase serotonin levels by blocking reuptake at the pre-synaptic neuron. More serotonin in the synapse means better neural communication and improved mood - though they don't work for everyone.
Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) uses the ABC model to challenge irrational thoughts over 5-20 sessions. Patients keep thought diaries to identify negative patterns, then work to develop more positive perspectives. This approach helps schizophrenia patients re-evaluate voices and depression patients tackle negative thinking.
Assessment tools include brain imaging (PET scans show medication effects), the Wisconsin Card Sort (tests frontal lobe function in schizophrenia), and Beck's Depression Inventory .
Bottom Line: Combining medication with talking therapy often produces the best outcomes - there's no one-size-fits-all solution to mental health treatment.
Our AI Companion is a student-focused AI tool that offers more than just answers. Built on millions of Knowunity resources, it provides relevant information, personalised study plans, quizzes, and content directly in the chat, adapting to your individual learning journey.
You can download the app from Google Play Store and Apple App Store.
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help โ all at your fingertips.
1
Smart Tools NEW
Transform this note into: โ 50+ Practice Questions โ Interactive Flashcards โ Full Mock Exam โ Essay Outlines
Quotes from every main character
English LiteratureApp Store
Google Play
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because itโs too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didnโt even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as Iโm sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH ๐๐๐ฒ๐ค๐โจ๐๐ฎ
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because itโs too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didnโt even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as Iโm sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH ๐๐๐ฒ๐ค๐โจ๐๐ฎ
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
Psychology
Sociology