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amelie
04/12/2025
Psychology
Free Will & Determinism in Psychology - Issues and Debates
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4 Dec 2025
•
Understanding Free Will and Determinism in Psychology: Key Issues and Debates
amelie
@106amelie
1 / 3
Understanding Free Will vs Determinism
You make thousands of decisions every day - what to wear, what to eat, how to respond to your mates. Free will suggests you have complete conscious control over these choices, whilst determinism argues that internal and external forces actually control your behaviour without you realising it.
The debate gets more complex when you consider hard determinism versus soft determinism. Hard determinists believe everything you do is pre-determined by forces outside your control - essentially, you're just going through the motions. Soft determinists take a middle ground, acknowledging that whilst various forces influence you, you still have some genuine choice within those constraints.
Research by Libet and colleagues found that brain activity can predict decisions before you're consciously aware of making them. This challenges our everyday experience of feeling in control, though people who believe they have free will tend to enjoy better mental health.
Quick Check: Think about a recent decision you made. Can you identify any biological, environmental, or unconscious factors that might have influenced your choice?
There are three main types of determinism that psychologists consider: biological determinism (genetics and brain chemistry), environmental determinism (upbringing and conditioning), and psychic determinism (unconscious forces from childhood experiences).
How Different Psychology Approaches View Control
Different psychological approaches have vastly different views on whether you're truly in control of your actions. Behaviourists are hard environmental determinists - they see you as responding automatically to stimuli without real conscious thought, like a sophisticated computer program.
Social learning theorists and cognitive psychologists take a softer stance. They acknowledge biological and environmental influences but believe your thought processes and ability to learn from observing others give you some genuine choice. Meanwhile, biological psychologists focus on how your genetics, hormones, and brain structure determine your behaviour.
Freud's psychodynamic approach embraced psychic determinism - the idea that unconscious conflicts from your childhood experiences drive your adult behaviour, though you maintain some conscious control. At the opposite extreme, humanistic psychologists completely reject determinism, arguing that you have full agency and responsibility for your choices.
Remember: Each approach offers valuable insights, but none tells the complete story about human behaviour and choice.
Science relies heavily on understanding cause-and-effect relationships to make predictions and explanations. Researchers manipulate independent variables and measure how dependent variables change, seeking to establish these causal explanations through controlled experiments and hypothesis testing.
Real-World Implications and Modern Research
The free will versus determinism debate isn't just academic - it has serious real-world consequences. If behaviour is entirely determined, how can we hold people legally responsible for crimes? Conversely, if everything is free choice, why do some people seem trapped by circumstances beyond their control?
Face validity supports free will - you genuinely feel like you're making choices. However, modern fMRI research suggests this might be an illusion. Scientists can now predict which hand you'll use to press a button up to 7 seconds before you're consciously aware of your decision, indicating that non-conscious brain areas might be calling the shots.
The deterministic approach has proven incredibly valuable in psychology. Understanding neurotransmitter imbalances in mental illness has led to drug treatments that have transformed millions of lives. However, there are concerning implications if we accept genetic determinism for traits like intelligence or violent behaviour - this could affect access to education, employment, or lead to interventions before crimes are committed.
Think Critically: Rather than seeing this as an either/or debate, consider how multiple factors might interact to influence your behaviour.
Modern psychologists increasingly favour reciprocal determinism - Bandura's idea that whilst your environment influences your actions, your actions also shape your environment. This suggests that behaviour emerges from the complex interplay of multiple factors rather than a single determining cause, making the reality far more nuanced than either extreme position suggests.
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Samantha Klich
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Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
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Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
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Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
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In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
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very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
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I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
Understanding Free Will and Determinism in Psychology: Key Issues and Debates
amelie
@106amelie
Ever wondered if you're truly in control of your choices, or if everything you do is already determined by forces beyond your control? This age-old debate between free will and determinism sits at the heart of psychology and affects how... Show more
Understanding Free Will vs Determinism
You make thousands of decisions every day - what to wear, what to eat, how to respond to your mates. Free will suggests you have complete conscious control over these choices, whilst determinism argues that internal and external forces actually control your behaviour without you realising it.
The debate gets more complex when you consider hard determinism versus soft determinism. Hard determinists believe everything you do is pre-determined by forces outside your control - essentially, you're just going through the motions. Soft determinists take a middle ground, acknowledging that whilst various forces influence you, you still have some genuine choice within those constraints.
Research by Libet and colleagues found that brain activity can predict decisions before you're consciously aware of making them. This challenges our everyday experience of feeling in control, though people who believe they have free will tend to enjoy better mental health.
Quick Check: Think about a recent decision you made. Can you identify any biological, environmental, or unconscious factors that might have influenced your choice?
There are three main types of determinism that psychologists consider: biological determinism (genetics and brain chemistry), environmental determinism (upbringing and conditioning), and psychic determinism (unconscious forces from childhood experiences).
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How Different Psychology Approaches View Control
Different psychological approaches have vastly different views on whether you're truly in control of your actions. Behaviourists are hard environmental determinists - they see you as responding automatically to stimuli without real conscious thought, like a sophisticated computer program.
Social learning theorists and cognitive psychologists take a softer stance. They acknowledge biological and environmental influences but believe your thought processes and ability to learn from observing others give you some genuine choice. Meanwhile, biological psychologists focus on how your genetics, hormones, and brain structure determine your behaviour.
Freud's psychodynamic approach embraced psychic determinism - the idea that unconscious conflicts from your childhood experiences drive your adult behaviour, though you maintain some conscious control. At the opposite extreme, humanistic psychologists completely reject determinism, arguing that you have full agency and responsibility for your choices.
Remember: Each approach offers valuable insights, but none tells the complete story about human behaviour and choice.
Science relies heavily on understanding cause-and-effect relationships to make predictions and explanations. Researchers manipulate independent variables and measure how dependent variables change, seeking to establish these causal explanations through controlled experiments and hypothesis testing.
Sign up to see the contentIt's free!
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Real-World Implications and Modern Research
The free will versus determinism debate isn't just academic - it has serious real-world consequences. If behaviour is entirely determined, how can we hold people legally responsible for crimes? Conversely, if everything is free choice, why do some people seem trapped by circumstances beyond their control?
Face validity supports free will - you genuinely feel like you're making choices. However, modern fMRI research suggests this might be an illusion. Scientists can now predict which hand you'll use to press a button up to 7 seconds before you're consciously aware of your decision, indicating that non-conscious brain areas might be calling the shots.
The deterministic approach has proven incredibly valuable in psychology. Understanding neurotransmitter imbalances in mental illness has led to drug treatments that have transformed millions of lives. However, there are concerning implications if we accept genetic determinism for traits like intelligence or violent behaviour - this could affect access to education, employment, or lead to interventions before crimes are committed.
Think Critically: Rather than seeing this as an either/or debate, consider how multiple factors might interact to influence your behaviour.
Modern psychologists increasingly favour reciprocal determinism - Bandura's idea that whilst your environment influences your actions, your actions also shape your environment. This suggests that behaviour emerges from the complex interplay of multiple factors rather than a single determining cause, making the reality far more nuanced than either extreme position suggests.
We thought you’d never ask...
What is the Knowunity AI companion?
Our AI Companion is a student-focused AI tool that offers more than just answers. Built on millions of Knowunity resources, it provides relevant information, personalised study plans, quizzes, and content directly in the chat, adapting to your individual learning journey.
Where can I download the Knowunity app?
You can download the app from Google Play Store and Apple App Store.
Is Knowunity really free of charge?
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Most popular content: Free Will Vs Determinism
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Can't find what you're looking for? Explore other subjects.
Students love us — and so will you.
4.9/5
App Store
4.8/5
Google Play
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user