Maths
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English Language
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Responding to change (a2 only)
Infection and response
Homeostasis and response
Energy transfers (a2 only)
Cell biology
Organisms respond to changes in their internal and external environments (a-level only)
Biological molecules
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Britain & the wider world: 1745 -1901
1l the quest for political stability: germany, 1871-1991
The cold war
Inter-war germany
Medieval period: 1066 -1509
2d religious conflict and the church in england, c1529-c1570
2o democracy and nazism: germany, 1918-1945
1f industrialisation and the people: britain, c1783-1885
1c the tudors: england, 1485-1603
2m wars and welfare: britain in transition, 1906-1957
World war two & the holocaust
2n revolution and dictatorship: russia, 1917-1953
2s the making of modern britain, 1951-2007
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Britain: 1509 -1745
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Psychology
1 Dec 2025
174
3 pages
Taylor @taylor_mw
Ever wondered why psychologists approach mental health and behaviour so differently? Each major psychological approach has its own... Show more
Behaviourism treats humans like programmable machines - everything you do is simply learned through rewards, punishments, and associations. Skinner argued that free will is just an illusion and your environment completely controls your behaviour through conditioning.
This approach breaks down complex behaviours into simple stimulus-response patterns, making it easy to test in labs with animals. The therapies are straightforward too systematic desensitisation helps people overcome phobias by associating fear with relaxation, while token economy systems reward good behaviour.
Social Learning Theory takes a more balanced view. Yes, we learn from our environment, but we do it through watching others and choosing who to imitate. Bandura's concept of reciprocal determinism suggests we have some free will through our ability to think about whether we want to copy someone.
Key Insight Both approaches see us as "blank slates" shaped entirely by nurture, but SLT gives you more control over your choices.
The therapies reflect this difference - SLT uses positive role models rather than just conditioning. Both approaches use scientific methods, though SLT requires more guesswork about internal thought processes during imitation.
Cognitive psychology views your brain as an information-processing computer, focusing on how thoughts and mental schemas determine behaviour. You've got some control over your actions, but you're limited by your existing knowledge and past experiences.
Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) puts this into practice by helping people identify and challenge irrational thoughts through homework exercises and behavioural activation. It's a practical approach that gives you tools to change your thinking patterns.
The biological approach goes much deeper, explaining everything through genes, hormones, and brain chemistry. It advocates for genetic determinism - the idea that your DNA largely controls your behaviour, though the environment can still influence how genes are expressed.
Key Insight While cognitive therapy teaches you to change your thoughts, biological treatments like SSRIs directly alter your brain chemistry.
The biological approach excels in scientific credibility with brain scans and hormone measurements, while cognitive psychology has to make inferences about mental processes we can't directly observe. Both create general laws but the biological approach is more nomothetic, assuming all humans share similar physiologies.
Psychodynamic theory suggests you're controlled by unconscious sexual drives and biological instincts, but Freud's personality structure (id, ego, superego) takes a more holistic view of behaviour. Your childhood experiences during psychosexual stages shape who you become.
Psychoanalysis uses talking therapy, dream analysis, and hypnotherapy to explore the unconscious mind. However, it's often criticised as pseudoscience because the concepts can't be properly tested or falsified.
Humanistic psychology stands completely apart by insisting you have full free will and control over your behaviour. It takes a truly holistic approach, examining how you relate to yourself (congruence), others, and society as a whole.
Key Insight Humanistic therapy puts you in the driver's seat - the therapist provides unconditional positive regard while you direct your own healing process.
Person-centred therapy focuses on removing the "conditions of worth" placed on you in childhood, helping you develop authentic self-acceptance. Unlike other approaches, humanistic psychology deliberately rejects scientific measurement, preferring to focus on your unique, subjective experience rather than creating universal laws.
Our AI Companion is a student-focused AI tool that offers more than just answers. Built on millions of Knowunity resources, it provides relevant information, personalised study plans, quizzes, and content directly in the chat, adapting to your individual learning journey.
You can download the app from Google Play Store and Apple App Store.
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help – all at your fingertips.
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Transform this note into: ✓ 50+ Practice Questions ✓ Interactive Flashcards ✓ Full Mock Exam ✓ Essay Outlines
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The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
Taylor
@taylor_mw
Ever wondered why psychologists approach mental health and behaviour so differently? Each major psychological approach has its own unique perspective on what drives human behaviour, leading to completely different therapies and explanations for the same problems.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Behaviourism treats humans like programmable machines - everything you do is simply learned through rewards, punishments, and associations. Skinner argued that free will is just an illusion and your environment completely controls your behaviour through conditioning.
This approach breaks down complex behaviours into simple stimulus-response patterns, making it easy to test in labs with animals. The therapies are straightforward too: systematic desensitisation helps people overcome phobias by associating fear with relaxation, while token economy systems reward good behaviour.
Social Learning Theory takes a more balanced view. Yes, we learn from our environment, but we do it through watching others and choosing who to imitate. Bandura's concept of reciprocal determinism suggests we have some free will through our ability to think about whether we want to copy someone.
Key Insight: Both approaches see us as "blank slates" shaped entirely by nurture, but SLT gives you more control over your choices.
The therapies reflect this difference - SLT uses positive role models rather than just conditioning. Both approaches use scientific methods, though SLT requires more guesswork about internal thought processes during imitation.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Cognitive psychology views your brain as an information-processing computer, focusing on how thoughts and mental schemas determine behaviour. You've got some control over your actions, but you're limited by your existing knowledge and past experiences.
Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) puts this into practice by helping people identify and challenge irrational thoughts through homework exercises and behavioural activation. It's a practical approach that gives you tools to change your thinking patterns.
The biological approach goes much deeper, explaining everything through genes, hormones, and brain chemistry. It advocates for genetic determinism - the idea that your DNA largely controls your behaviour, though the environment can still influence how genes are expressed.
Key Insight: While cognitive therapy teaches you to change your thoughts, biological treatments like SSRIs directly alter your brain chemistry.
The biological approach excels in scientific credibility with brain scans and hormone measurements, while cognitive psychology has to make inferences about mental processes we can't directly observe. Both create general laws but the biological approach is more nomothetic, assuming all humans share similar physiologies.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Psychodynamic theory suggests you're controlled by unconscious sexual drives and biological instincts, but Freud's personality structure (id, ego, superego) takes a more holistic view of behaviour. Your childhood experiences during psychosexual stages shape who you become.
Psychoanalysis uses talking therapy, dream analysis, and hypnotherapy to explore the unconscious mind. However, it's often criticised as pseudoscience because the concepts can't be properly tested or falsified.
Humanistic psychology stands completely apart by insisting you have full free will and control over your behaviour. It takes a truly holistic approach, examining how you relate to yourself (congruence), others, and society as a whole.
Key Insight: Humanistic therapy puts you in the driver's seat - the therapist provides unconditional positive regard while you direct your own healing process.
Person-centred therapy focuses on removing the "conditions of worth" placed on you in childhood, helping you develop authentic self-acceptance. Unlike other approaches, humanistic psychology deliberately rejects scientific measurement, preferring to focus on your unique, subjective experience rather than creating universal laws.
Our AI Companion is a student-focused AI tool that offers more than just answers. Built on millions of Knowunity resources, it provides relevant information, personalised study plans, quizzes, and content directly in the chat, adapting to your individual learning journey.
You can download the app from Google Play Store and Apple App Store.
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help – all at your fingertips.
3
Smart Tools NEW
Transform this note into: ✓ 50+ Practice Questions ✓ Interactive Flashcards ✓ Full Mock Exam ✓ Essay Outlines
App Store
Google Play
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
Sociology