The cognitive theory of gender development in childrenfocuses on... Show more
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14 Mar 2023
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Cognitive Theory of Gender Development in Children: Schemas, Kohlberg & More
Outline of Gender Schema Theory
Gender schema theory, developed by Martin and Halverson, is a cognitive approach similar to Kohlberg's theory but with key differences:
- It proposes that basic gender identity at age 2-3 is sufficient for children to observe and imitate gender-appropriate behavior.
- It emphasizes how schemas affect later behavior, especially memory and selective attention.
The theory suggests children develop schemas from various sources including parents, peers, and media. These schemas influence:
- Toy preferences
- Clothing choices
- Behavioral norms
Example: A child identifying as a boy may seek out information about "boy" behaviors and avoid "girl" behaviors.
Initially, children hold rigid schemas that resist change and influence selective attention. As they age, schemas become more flexible.
Vocabulary: Schematic anomaly - Information that conflicts with existing schemas, often ignored or misremembered by children.
The theory shares similarities with social learning theory in explaining gender development through interactions with adults and peers.
Evaluation of Gender Schema Theory
Several studies provide evidence supporting or challenging aspects of gender schema theory:
- Martin and Halverson : Children under 6 recalled more gender-consistent images than inconsistent ones . Children distorted schema-inconsistent images to fit their existing schemas.
Example: When shown a girl playing with a gun, children might report seeing a boy playing with a gun.
- Martin and Little : Children under 4 showed no signs of gender stability or constancy. However, they displayed strong gender stereotypes about appropriate behaviors.
- Bradbard et al : Examined in-group and out-group schemas using gender-neutral items. Children showed more interest in and better memory for items labeled as belonging to their gender in-group.
Highlight: These studies generally support gender schema theory, particularly the early development of gender stereotypes and the influence of schemas on memory and attention.
The evidence suggests that while some aspects of Kohlberg's theory may develop later, children form and act on gender schemas from a very young age, supporting Martin and Halverson's cognitive theory of gender development.
Cognitive Theory of Gender Development - Schemas
The cognitive theory of gender development in children proposes that children play an active role in developing their gender identity from ages 2-3. Key aspects include:
- Emphasis on children's thinking and active participation in gender development
- Formation of gender schemas as mental representations of gender-appropriate behavior
- Development of in-group schemas and out-group schemas
- Initially rigid schemas that become more flexible over time
Definition: Gender schemas are mental representations about each gender and gender-appropriate behavior.
The theory outlines a process where gender identity forms around age 2-3, followed by schema development, in-group/out-group formation, increased attention to same sex, and display of gendered behaviors.
Highlight: This theory suggests children seek out gender-appropriate behavior earlier than Kohlberg's theory, which placed this at the gender constancy phase .
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The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
Cognitive Theory of Gender Development in Children: Schemas, Kohlberg & More
The cognitive theory of gender development in childrenfocuses on how children actively construct their understanding of gender through mental schemas. This theory, proposed by Martin and Halverson, suggests that children develop gender identity and schemas from age 2-3, earlier... Show more
Outline of Gender Schema Theory
Gender schema theory, developed by Martin and Halverson, is a cognitive approach similar to Kohlberg's theory but with key differences:
- It proposes that basic gender identity at age 2-3 is sufficient for children to observe and imitate gender-appropriate behavior.
- It emphasizes how schemas affect later behavior, especially memory and selective attention.
The theory suggests children develop schemas from various sources including parents, peers, and media. These schemas influence:
- Toy preferences
- Clothing choices
- Behavioral norms
Example: A child identifying as a boy may seek out information about "boy" behaviors and avoid "girl" behaviors.
Initially, children hold rigid schemas that resist change and influence selective attention. As they age, schemas become more flexible.
Vocabulary: Schematic anomaly - Information that conflicts with existing schemas, often ignored or misremembered by children.
The theory shares similarities with social learning theory in explaining gender development through interactions with adults and peers.
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Evaluation of Gender Schema Theory
Several studies provide evidence supporting or challenging aspects of gender schema theory:
- Martin and Halverson : Children under 6 recalled more gender-consistent images than inconsistent ones . Children distorted schema-inconsistent images to fit their existing schemas.
Example: When shown a girl playing with a gun, children might report seeing a boy playing with a gun.
- Martin and Little : Children under 4 showed no signs of gender stability or constancy. However, they displayed strong gender stereotypes about appropriate behaviors.
- Bradbard et al : Examined in-group and out-group schemas using gender-neutral items. Children showed more interest in and better memory for items labeled as belonging to their gender in-group.
Highlight: These studies generally support gender schema theory, particularly the early development of gender stereotypes and the influence of schemas on memory and attention.
The evidence suggests that while some aspects of Kohlberg's theory may develop later, children form and act on gender schemas from a very young age, supporting Martin and Halverson's cognitive theory of gender development.
Sign up to see the contentIt's free!
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Cognitive Theory of Gender Development - Schemas
The cognitive theory of gender development in children proposes that children play an active role in developing their gender identity from ages 2-3. Key aspects include:
- Emphasis on children's thinking and active participation in gender development
- Formation of gender schemas as mental representations of gender-appropriate behavior
- Development of in-group schemas and out-group schemas
- Initially rigid schemas that become more flexible over time
Definition: Gender schemas are mental representations about each gender and gender-appropriate behavior.
The theory outlines a process where gender identity forms around age 2-3, followed by schema development, in-group/out-group formation, increased attention to same sex, and display of gendered behaviors.
Highlight: This theory suggests children seek out gender-appropriate behavior earlier than Kohlberg's theory, which placed this at the gender constancy phase .
Can't find what you're looking for? Explore other subjects.
Students love us — and so will you.
4.9/5
App Store
4.8/5
Google Play
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user